Fluid hammer

The previous patent was concerned with drying CO2 before transmission to oil fields. This patent describes one method for pumping supercritical CO2 from subterranean formations to the surface. The background relates that CO2 from a production well that reaches the surface under its own motive force arrives in a two-phase state. Pumping such a mixture over long distances and varying elevations can create fluid hammer effects which can cause serious damage to pipelines and related equipment and can result in considerable power loss. 

A computer program for calculating fluid hammer phenomena in sodium and water circuits of the CEFR has been prepared by Qinghua University. Due to the pool hydraulic properties, there is no any fluid hammer phenomenon at some transient conditions (Table 4)... 

The fluid hammer phenomena are also calculated for secondary circuit at some transient conditions, which results are presented in Table 5. 

The general pieces of equipment used in grinding flake mica or mica concentrate into saleable mica products are hammer mills of various types, fluid energy mills, Chaser or Muller mills for wet grinding, and Raymond or WiUiams high side roUer mills. Another method is being developed, called a Duncan mill (f. M. Huber, Inc.), that is similar in many respects to an attrition mill. AH of these mills are used in conjunction with sieves, and all but some types of hammer mills incorporate air classifiers as a part of the circuit. 

E. B. Wyhe and co-workers. Fluid Transients in Systems, Prentice Hall, New York, 1993 J. Zarbua, Water Hammer in PipeEine Systems, Elsevier Science Pubhshing Co., New York, 1993. 

St. Joe Minerals Corporation uses a fluid-bed roaster to finish the roasting at 950°C of material that has been deleaded in a modified multiple-hearth furnace operated with insufficient oxidation (34). First, sulfur is reduced from 31 to 22% and lead from 0.5 to 0.013%. Somewhat aggregated, the product is hammer-milled before final roasting. Half of the calcined product is bed overflow and special hot cyclones before the boiler remove the other half total sulfur is ca 1.5%. Boiler and precipitator dusts are higher in sulfur, lead, etc, and are separated. 

Water Hammer When hquid flowing in a pipe is suddenly decelerated to zero velocity by a fast-closing valve, a pressure wave propagates upstream to the pipe inlet, where it is reflected a pounding of the hne commonly known as water hammer is often produced. For an instantaneous flow stoppage of a truly incompressible fluid in an inelastic pipe, the pressure rise would be infinite. Finite compressibility of the flmd and elasticity of the pipe limit the pressure rise to a finite value. The Joukowstd formula gives the maximum pressure... 

High-pressure fluid flows into the low-pressure shell (or tube chaimel if the low-pressure fluid is on the tubeside). The low-pressure volume is represented by differential equations that determine the accumulation of high-pressure fluid within the shell or tube channel. The model determines the pressure inside the shell (or tube channel) based on the accumulation of high-pressure fluid and remaining low pressure fluid. The surrounding low-pressure system model simulates the flow/pressure relationship in the same manner used in water hammer analysis. Low-pressure fluid accumulation, fluid compressibility and pipe expansion are represented by pipe segment symbols. If a relief valve is present, the model must include the spring force and the disk mass inertia. 

Air-gas drilling usually increases drilling rate by three or four times over that when drilling with mud as well as one-half to one-fourth the number of bits are required. In some areas drilling with air is the only solution these are (1) severe lost circulation, (2) sensitive producing formation that can be blocked by drilling fluid (skin effect), and (3) hard formations near the surface that require the use of an air hammer to drill. 

The hydraulic jar again uses a direct mechanical impact blow. The hydraulic fluid in this tool acts mainly to provide a delay while the desired derrick pull is achieved prior to actuation of the tool. Such tools may also be operated by compressed gas in a closed chamber. The compressed gas can be used to drive a hammer within the jar that strikes the top of a tool anvil. 

Sentinel holes are used as a simple form of thickness testing. A small hole of about I - 6 mm diameter is drilled from the outer wall of the piece of equipment to within a distance from the inner wall (in contact with the corrodent) equal to the corrosion allowance on the equipment (Fig. 9.11). The technique has been used even in cases where the corrodent spontaneously ignites on contact with the atmosphere. The philosophy is that it is better to have a little fire than a big one which would follow a major leak from corrosion through the wall. When the sentinel hole begins to weep fluid a tapered plug is hammered into the hole and remedial maintenance planned. Siting the sentinel holes is somewhat speculative although erosion at the outside of a pipe bend is often monitored in this way. 

Hammer, J., Pruckmayer, M., Bergmann, H., Rletter, K., Gangl, A., The distal colon provides reserve storage capacity during colonic fluid overload, Gut, 1997, 41, 658—663. 

Kramer, J.R., Grundy, H.D. and Hammer, L.G. (1980) Occurrence and solubility of trace metals in barite for ocean drilling operations. Research and Environmental Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings, Vol II Proceedings of a Symposium 21-24 January 1980, Lake Buena Vista, FL, pp. 789-798. 

Hammer Conventional Alpine (Hosokawa) Fitzpatrick Fluid Air Mikro (Hosokawa) Rietz (Hosokawa) Stokes-Merrill... 

The reason the orifice flanges are kept close to the orifice plate is that when the liquid velocity decreases, downstream of the orifice plate, the pressure of the liquid goes partly back up. Figure 6.8 illustrates this point. It is called pressure recovery. Whenever the velocity of a flowing fluid (vapor or liquid) decreases, its pressure goes partly back up. An extreme example of this is water hammer. The reason the pressure at the end of the pipe in Fig. 6.8 is lower than at the inlet to the pipe is due to frictional losses. 

Thermal relief valves are small, usually liquid relief valves designed for very small flows on incompressible fluids. They open in some proportion of the overpressure. Thermal expansion during the process only produces very small flows, and the array of orifices in thermal relief valves is usually under the API-lettered orifices, with a maximum orifice D or E. It is, however, recommended to use a standard thermal relief orifice (e.g. 0.049in2). Oversizing SRVs is never recommended since they will flow too much too short, which in turn will make them close too fast without evacuating the pressure. This will result in chattering of the oversized valve and possible water hammer in liquid applications. 

Quick, R. S., Comparison and Limitation of Water Hammer Theories, cited in R. L. Daugherty and A. C. Ingersoll, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954. 

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