Fluid flow diagram

Figure 13-10. Fluid flow diagram of a supercritical fluid extractor.

SASOLII a.ndIII. Two additional plants weie built and aie in operation in South Africa near Secunda. The combined annual coal consumption for SASOL II, commissioned in 1980, and SASOL III, in 1983, is 25 x 10 t, and these plants together produce approximately 1.3 x lO" m (80,000 barrels) per day of transportation fuels. A block flow diagram for these processes is shown in Figure 15. The product distribution for SASOL II and III is much narrower in comparison to SASOL I. The later plants use only fluid-bed reactor technology, and extensive use of secondary catalytic processing of intermediates (alkylation, polymerisation, etc) is practiced to maximise the production of transportation fuels. 

The H-S plot is called a Mollier diagram and is particularly useful in analyzing throttling devices, steam turbines, and other fluid flow devices. A Mollier diagram for steam is presented in Figure 2-37 (standard engineering units) and in Figure 2-38 in SI units. 

Figure 40.42 shows a flow diagram in a manifold that provides both pressure and return passages. One common line provides pressurized fluid to the manifold, which distributes the fluid to any one of five outlet ports. The return side of the manifold is similar in design. This manifold is provided with a relief valve, which is connected to the pressure and return passages. In the event of excessive pressure, the relief valve opens and allows the fluid to flow from the pressure side of the manifold to the return side. 

If the new catalyst requires drastically different conditions, e.g. fluid bed operation instead of fixed bed operation, or if it needs substantial additions to the purification train, it is again possible to calculate the benefit in terms of the return (in reduced operating cost) on the new capital, but it is probably more informative to draw up a cumulative cash flow diagram. This is illustrated in Fig. 3. 

Figure 8.22 Schematic diagram of the Suprex MPS/225 integrated aupercritical fluid extractor, cryogenically focused interface and supercritical fluid chromatogra d>. The bold lines represent the direction of fluid flow in the load and inject positions.

Figure 2 was constructed by contouring of values calculated from the flow net of figure 1. Much more complex diagrams are possible provided sufficient information concerning the aquifer and fluid-flow conditions can be obtained. For simple boundary conditions and homogeneous aquifers, a direct analytical solution for isochronal surfaces is available [2]. 

Fluidized catalytic processes, in which the finely powdered catalyst is handled as a fluid, have largely replaced the fixed-bed and moving-bed processes, which use a beaded or pelleted catalyst. A schematic flow diagram of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is shown in Fig. 4. 

In a typical fluid catalytic cracker, catalyst particles are continuously circulated from one portion of the operation to another. Figure 9 shows a schematic flow diagram of a typical unit W. Hot gas oil feed (500 -700°F) is mixed with 1250 F catalyst at the base of the riser in which the oil and catalyst residence times (from a few seconds to 1 min.) and the ratio of catalyst to the amount of oil is controlled to obtain the desired level of conversion for the product slate demand. The products are then removed from the separator while the catalyst drops back into the stripper. In the stripper adsorbed liquid hydrocarbons are steam stripped from the catalyst particles before the catalyst particles are transferred to the regenerator. 

A valve is basically a gate that can be closed or opened to permit the fluid or gas to travel in a particular direction. The type of exam question you are likely to see that involves valves will be one in which you must follow a piping flow diagram through several sets of valves. These problems are best approached by taking your time and methodically following each branch of the piping system from start to finish. 

In 1944 a fluid catalyst pilot plant was erected and operated at the Olean laboratory. A schematic flow diagram of the unit is shown in Figure 1. The unit operated well from the beginning. The conversion of jeactants exceeded that achieved by the Germans even at space velocities 10 to 20 times those used in Europe. Also, iron catalysts were developed which gave oil yields comparable with those obtained by fixed-bed operations. Typical results from these early experiments are shown in Table I. A discussion of the conditions for the different runs is given in subsequent paragraphs. 

Two versions of the MTG process, one using a fixed bed, the other a fluid bed, have been developed. The fixed-bed process was selected for installation in the New Zealand gas-to-gasoline (GTG) complex, situated on the North Island between the villages of Waitara and Motonui on the Tasman seacoast (60). A simplified block flow diagram of the complex is shown in Figure 6 (61). The plant processes over 3.7 x 106 m3/d(130 x 106 SCF/d) of gas from the offshore Maui field supplemented by gas from the Kapuni field, first to methanol, and thence to 2.3 x 103 m3/d (14,500 bbl/d) of gasoline. Methanol feed to the MTG section is synthesized using the ICI low pressure process (62) in two trains, each with a capacity of 2200 t/d. 

In82) the authors describe the behavior of a viscoelastic fluid on the surface of an acoustic vibrator. The diagram shows that the fluid located on a horizontal surface of acoustic radiator, in the area of viscoelasticity, is acted upon by forces normal for this surface the fluid swells above the radiator, takes a shape close to a spheric drop, then a thin neck is formed through which the fluid flows into the drop until it sinks to the surface under the action of gravity then this process is repeated. These phenomena had not been described earlier in literature. 

Figure 15.5. Pressure-temperature phase diagram of pure C02 with a superimposed flow diagram for a closed-loop supercritical fluid treatment process.

Figure 6. Flow diagram refining of SRC-II oil by hydrotreating and fluid catalytic cracking, case 3...

FIGURE 8.8 (Top) Schematic diagram of the weir-based device for physical trapping of cells. (Bottom) The cross section of the device showing how the cells are retained in the chamber, with the fluid flowing over the two barriers [1170]. Reprinted with permission from D.J. Harrison. 

Figure 2 Diagram of a generalized 2D-PIV setup showing all major components flow channel with the particle seeded fluid flow, laser sheet pulses illuminating one plane in the fluid, a CCD camera imaging the particles in the laser-illuminated sheet in the area of interest, a computer with PIV software installed, a timing circuit communicating with the camera and computer and generating pulses to control the double-pulsed laser. The PIV software setups and controls the major components, and analyses the images to derive a vector representation of flow field (see Plate 4 in Color Plate Section at the end of this book).

Figure 1. Block diagram of commercial hydrodynamic chromatograph. Solid lines indicate fluid flow path. Broken lines indicate data communication. Arrows indicate fluid flow direction.

Figure 1. Flow diagram for analysis of A -TI1C in physiological fluids...

Chloride Process. A flow diagram for the chloride process is shown in Figure 1. The first stage in the process, carbothermal chlorination of the ore to produce titanium tetrachloride, is carried out in a fluid-bed chlorinator at ca 950°C. If mineral rutile is used as the feedstock, the dominant reaction is chlorination of titanium dioxide. 

Fig. 31. A diagram of fluid flow in a stagnation jet reactor. (After Brauer. 1982, reprinted with permission from the Institute of Chemical Engineers.)...

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