Florida red tide

Baden, D. and Mende, T.J., Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate, Ptychodiscus brevis, Toxicon, 20, 2, 457, 1982. 

Derby, M.L., et al.. Studies of the effect of Psi-APONIN from Nannochloris sp. on the Florida red tide organism Karenia brevis, Toxicon, 41, 2, 245, 2003. 

Bjornland, T., Haxo, F. T., and Liaaen-Jensen, S. 2003. Carotenoids of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Biochem. Sys. Ecol., 31,1147-1162. 

Backer, L.C., Fleming, L.E., Rowan, A., Cheng, Y., Benson, J., Pierce, RH., Zaias, J., Bean, J., Bossart, G.D., Johnson, D., Quimbo, R., Baden, D.G. 2003. Recreational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events. Harmful Algae 2, 19-28. 

A., Baden, D.G. 2005. Environmental exposures to Florida red tides effects on emergency room respiratory diagnoses admissions. Harmful Algae, in press. 

Shimizu, Y., Chou, H.N., Bando, H., Vanduyne, G., and Clardy, J.C. 1986. Structure of brevetoxin-A (Gb-1 toxin), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism Gymnodirtium breve (Ptychodiscus-Brevis). Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, 514-515. 

Singer, L.J., Lee, T, Rosen, K.A., Baden, D.G., and Abraham, W.M. 1998. Inhaled Florida red tide toxins induced bron-choconstriction (BC) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157, A158. 

Trainer, VL., and Baden, D.G. 1991. An enzyme-immunoassay for the detection of Florida red tide brevetoxins. Toxicon 29, 1387-1394. 

Lidie, K. B., Ryan, J. C., Barbier, M., and Van Dolah, F. M. (2005). Gene expression in Florida red tide dinoflageUate Karenia brevis Analysis of an expressed sequence tag hbrary and development of DNA microarray. Mar. Biotechnol. 7, 481—493. 

Kirkpatrick B, Fleming LE, Squicciarini D, et al. (2004) Literature review of Florida red tide Implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae 3 99-115. 

Backer LC, Kirkpatrick B, Fleming LE, Cheng YS, Pierce R, Bean JA, Clark R, et al. Occupational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events effects on a healthy worker population. Environ Health Perspect 113 644-649, 2005. 

Fleming LE, Kirkpatrick B, Backer LC, Bean JA, Wanner A, Dalpra D, Tamer R, et al. Initial evaluation of the effects of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins (brevetoxins) in persons with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 113 650-657, 2005. 

Evens, T.J., and Leblond, J.D. Photophysiology of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis Modifications in thylakoid lipid composition in response to enviromnental conditions, in Harmful Algae 2002, Steidinger, K.A., Landsberg, J.H., Tomas, C.R. and Vargo, G.A., Eds., l.O.C. of UNESCO, 2004, pp. 414-416. 

Freeberg, L.R., Marshall, A., and Michael, H. Interrelationships of Gymnodinium breve (Florida red-tide) within the phytoplankton community, in Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Taylor, F.J.R. and Seliger,H.H., Eds., Elsevier North Holland, 1979, pp. 139-144. 

Mille, D.F., Kirkpatrick, G.J., and Vinyard, B.T. Relating photosynthetic pigments and in vivo optical density spectra to irradiance for the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 120, 65-75, 1995. 

Walker, L.M.. Evidence for a sexual cycle in the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Ptychodiscus brevis (=Gymnodinium breve). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 101, 287-293, 1982. 

Baden, D. G., Bikhazi, G., Decker, S. J. et al.. Neuromuscular blocking action of two brevetoxins from the Florida red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis, Toxicon 22, 75, 1984. 

Backer, L. C., Fleming, L. E., Rowan, A. et al.. Recreational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events. Harmful Algae 2, 19, 2003. 

Richards, I. S., Kulkami, A. P., Brooks, S. M. et al., Florida red-tide toxins (brevetoxins) produce depolarization of airway smooth muscle, Toxicon 28, 1105, 1990. 

C50H70O14 895.095 Constit. of Florida red tide organism Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis). Ichthyotoxin. Cryst. Sol. CHCI3, hexane poorly sol. H2O. 

The same species Karenia brevis, isolated from Florida red tides, was shown to contain tamulamides A and B that included a new seven-fused cyclic ether backbone and amide side chain similar to brevisamide and an aldehyde moiety similar to brevenal (Truxal et al., 2010). 

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