Flop effect

The anisotropy of the pigment particle causes orientation along the flow pattern. If the flow pattern is parallel to the surface, an increased brilliance is achieved even to a degree that a flop effect can be observed, as in painted objects. On the other hand, flow disturbances and the merging of resin of different temperatures are frequently accentuated by metallic pigments through flow and weld lines. 

Flop-effect different lightness under different... 

The physical parameters for the metallic effect, which influence the ratio between reflection and scattering and thereby the flop effect, the lightness and brightness, the brilliance and sparkle, the gloss and the distinctiveness of image (DOI) etc. etc. can simply be described in terms of particle size, particle shape (morphology), particle size distribution and particle orientation in the film... 

All the optical measurements for characterizing the metallic effect should be carried out with goniophotometers and/or goniospectrophotometers to take the flop effect into account [5.176-5.181]. 

A high flop index number means a better light dark flop effect which is colouristically desirable. ... 

OUTSTANDING PROPERTIES improves mar resistance slip, decreases coefficient of friction, improves flip-flop effect, matting effect, improved pigment dispersion, antiorater effect ... 

This isoindoline nickel complex pigment is mainly recommended for the coloration of metallics and effect coatings, especially for water based systems. P.R.271 affords yellowish to medium red shades, providing a bright flop in metallics. Alkyd/melamine resin systems may safely be overcoated and withstand exposure of 140°C for 30 minutes. The flow properties of P.R.271 in these systems and in polyester cellulose acetobutyrate base coat systems are good, but there is a certain tendency to flocculate. 

Crowell discovered a variety of effects numerically, including modified Rabi flopping, which has an inverse frequency dependence similar to that observed in the solid state in reciprocal noise [73]. The latter is also explained by Crowell [17] using a non-Abelian model. A variety of other effects of RFR on the quantum electrodynamical level was also reported numerically [17]. The overall result is that the occurrence, classically, of the B V> field means that there is a quantum electrodynamical Hamiltonian generated by the classical term proportional to 3 2. This induces transitional behavior because it contributes to the dynamics of probability amplitudes [17]. The Hamiltonian is a quartic potential where the value of determines the value of the potential. The latter has two minima one where B = 0 and the other for a finite value of the B i) field, corresponding to states that are invariants of the Lagrangian but not of the vacuum. 

Nacreous and interference pigments are used as colorants or part of color formulations for all applications where traditional pigments are used, but where additional color depth, brilliance, iridescence, color shift (flop), and other spectacular effects are desired [5.253]. Mica-based pigments dominate their combination of pearl and interference effects, brilliance, stability, and weather resistance is unsurpassed. Furthermore, they are non-toxic [5.221],... 

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