Flood tolerance

Junk, W. J. 1989. Flood tolerance and tree distribution in central Amazonian floodplains. In Tropical forests Botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity, eds. Holm-Nielsen et al. (Academic Press, London San Diego New York Berkely Boston Tokyo Toronto), pp. 47-64. 

Armstrong, W., Brandle, R.A. and Jackson, M.B. (1994) Mechanisms of flood tolerance in plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 43, 307-382. 

Soil anaerobiosis results in plant stress symptoms similar to those caused by drought stress. Among these are stomatal closure and reduction in net carbon assimilation. Photosynthesis in plants susceptible to flooding rapidly declines under anaerobiosis. Reduction in photosynthesis in response to flooding has also been reported for flood-tolerant species. 

Hook, D. D. and J. R. Scholtens. 1978. Adaptations and flood tolerance of tree species. In D. D. Hook and R. M. M. Crawford (eds.) Plant Life in Anaerobic Environments. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 299-231. 

Mechanical agitation is needed to break up the gas bubbles but must avoid rupturing the cells. The disk turbine with radial action is most suitable. It can tolerate a superficial gas velocity up to 120 m/h. (394 ft/h) without flooding, whereas the propeller is limited to about 20 i7i/h (66 ft/h). When flooding occurs, the impeller is working in a gas phase and cannot assist the transfer of gas to the liquid phase. Power input by agitation and air sparger is 1 to 4 W/L (97 to 387 Btu/[fF-h]) of liquid. 

Phase Inversion Temperature The carboxymethylate surfactant sample available for test purposes exhibited excellent salinity tolerance, in fact too high for practical sea water flooding... 

Farrauto el al.549 report that It is clear that an ideal catalyst for WGS needs to be developed, especially for mobile applications. Indeed, Cu-Zn still dictates the performance standard for fuel cell reformers, even though its pyrophoricity is prohibitive for its use. Higher activity is always desired, as well as the tolerance to flooding and sulfur. In that respect, a precious metal catalyst has obvious advantages but often cannot compete with the price of a base metal system. A three- to four-fold increase in activity would be needed to achieve that advantage. ... 

Daylilies are a beautiful perennial flower that can brighten up any yard or landscape. They are tolerant of drought and flooding, immune to heat stress, and grow well in full sun or light shade. They are the perfect choice for just about any soil or climate condition. 

The reformate gas contains up to 12% CO for SR and 6 to 8% CO for ATR, which can be converted to H2 through the WGS reaction. The shift reactions are thermodynamically favored at low temperatures. The equilibrium CO conversion is 100% at temperatures below 200°C. However, the kinetics is very slow, requiring space velocities less than 2000 hr1. The commercial Fe-Cr high-temperature shift (HTS) and Cu-Zn low-temperature shift (LTS) catalysts are pyrophoric and therefore impractical and dangerous for fuel cell applications. A Cu/CeOz catalyst was demonstrated to have better thermal stability than the commercial Cu-Zn LTS catalyst [37], However, it had lower activity and had to be operated at higher temperature. New catalysts are needed that will have higher activity and tolerance to flooding and sulfur. 

For example, the small tolerance and low surface roughness of the plate in manufacture are critical for assuring the high electrical contact conductivity, low fluid flow resistance, and low water holdup to meet performance require-menfs of fhe plates. Moreover, to play the role of removing generated water in the cathode side—particularly to avoid flooding when fhe current density is high, the surface of the cathode plate may need hydrophobicity [11] so as to better adjust hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of plate materials in cathode and anode plates. This area needs further study. 

Iron toxicity is a syndrome of disorders associated with large concentrations of Fe + in the soil solution. It is only found in flooded soils. A wide range of concentrations produce the symptoms, from 1000 to only 10mgL in soils with poor nutrient status—especially of P or K—or with respiration inhibitors such as H2S. There are large differences in tolerance between rice varieties. The effects include internal damage of tissues due to excessive uptake of Fe + impaired nutrient uptake, especially of P, K, Ca and Mg and increased diseases associated with imbalanced nutrition, such as brown leaf spot (caused by Helminthospo-rium oryzae), sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) and blast (caused by Pyricularia oryzae). 

Ethylene Oxide Addition. Anionic and nonionic alkylaryl compounds containing amound of thylene oxide were used in this study. Addition of ethylene oxide groups is known to impart salt tolerance to the surfactant and therefore these compounds are of particular interest for micellar flooding purposes. 

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