Flaxseed lignans

Kitts, D.D., Yuan, Y.V., Wijewickreme, A.N., and Thompson, L.U. 1999. Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol... 

In an in vivo study, Jenab et al. [150] demonstrated the protective effects of flaxseed lignans against colon cancer. This was associated with an increase in P-glucuronidase activity. The total activity of this enzyme correlated positively with total urinary lignan excretion, especially secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, and negatively with the total number of aberrant crypts and the total number of aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. 

Toure A, Xueming X. Flaxseed lignans source, biosynthesis, metabolism, antioxidant activity, bio-active components, and health benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2010 9 261-269. 

Toure, A. and Xueming, X. Flaxseed Lignans Source, Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Antioxidant Activity, Bio-Active Components, and Health Benefits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9, (3), 261-269. 

Ford, T.D., Davin, L.B., and Lewis, N.G., Chemopreventive flaxseed lignans Toward bioengineering the metabolic pathways, Proc. 58th Flax Inst. United States, March 23-25, Fargo, ND, 39 8, 2000. 

Harris, R.K., Greaves, J., Alexander, D., Wilson, T., and Haggerty, W.J., Development of stahility-indicating analytical methods for flaxseed lignans and their precursors, in Food Phytochemicals II. Teas, Spices, and Herbs, Osawa, C.-T., Huang, M.-T., and Rosen, R.T. (Eds), American Chemical Society, 547, 295-305, Washington DC, WA, 1994. 

Hosseinian, F., Antioxidant properties of flaxseed lignans using in vitro model systems, Ph.D. Thesis, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2006, 234. 

The three main classes of phytoestrogens (and common food sources) are isoflavones (soybeans), lignans (cereals and oilseeds such as flaxseed), and coumestans (alfalfa sprouts). The biologic potency of phytoestrogens varies and is less than that of synthetic estrogen. 

The plant precursors of mammalian lignans include secoisolaricinol, laricresinol, matair-esinol, 7-hydroxymatairesinol, pinoresinol, and lignin. ° ° Flaxseed and whole cereal grains are considered the most important dietary sources, but many others are known, for example, strawberry achenes, berries, coffee beans, tea leaves, etc. ... 

Tou, J.C., Chen, J., and Thompson, L.U., Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats, J. Nutr., 128, 1861, 1998. 

Kurzer MS, Lampe JW, Martini MC, Adlercreutz H. 1995. Fecal lignan and isoflavo-noid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 4 353-358. 

Lignans Inhibit estrogen and block prostaglandins Fatty fish, flaxseed, walnuts... 

Thompson, L.U., Rickard, S.E., Cheung, F. et al., Variability in anticancer lignan levels in flaxseed, Nutr. 

Flaxseed is an oilseed that contains roughly 38 15% oil. ALA, a polyunsaturated lipid, accounts for 52% of the fatty acids in the oil. Flaxseed is also a rich source of plant lignans (up to 13 mg g flaxseed). The interest in ALA and... 

The main lignan in flaxseed is SDG (Figure 2). Also present are a number of other lignans, that is, matairesinol (MAT), lariciresinol, hinokinin,... 

A dose-dependent formation of mammalian lignans has been reported (Nesbitt et al., 1999 Rickard et al., 1996). In humans, a dose-dependent response was based on daily dietary intake of flaxseed between 5 and 25 grams as flaxseed or in the form of a baked product (Nesbitt et al., 1999). Higher flaxseed intakes may not produce additional mammalian lignan concentrations based on the observation in rats that showed 4.4 pmol SDG/d did not produce higher mammalian lignan concentrations than the 2.2 pmol SDG/d treatment (Rickard et al., 1996). 

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