Flap technique

Fig. 21.2. Two-microelectrode current-clamp technique used to observe, in single Ascaris body muscle cells in a body-flap preparation, the response to a controlled pulsed application of levamisole. One micropipette, to measure membrane potential, and another micropipette, to inject current, are inserted inside the area of the muscle cell known as the bag region. Levamisole is applied in a time- and pressure-controlled manner from a microcatheter placed over the bag region of the muscle. A second microcatheter is used to apply additional chemical agents (Martin, 1982).

This controlled-release subdermal implant is fabricated by dispersing micronized estradiol crystals in a viscous mixture of silicone elastomer and catalyst and then coating the estradiol-polymer dispersion around a rigid (drug-free) silicone rod by an extrusion technique to form a cylinder-shaped implant (Fig. 11). This implant is designed for subcutaneous implantation in the steer s ear flap for a duration of 200 or 400 days, during which a controlled quantity of estradiol is released daily for growth promotion. 

Jeong JH, Shin HJ, Woo SH, Seul JH. A new repair technique for penile paraffinoma bilateral scrotal flaps. Ann Plast Surg 1996 37(4) 386-93. 

Interestingly, all these compounds are inactive against mouse lAPs, therefore, unsuitable for studies of lAP function in mouse models. The objectives of the current studies were the identification of small-molecule modulators of mouse lAP and, potentially, identification of novel selective scaffolds of human lAP. To this end, we applied and optimized the chemiluminescent assays that were successfully utilized for screening human lAP, TNAP, and FLAP and developed a novel assay for mouse lAP, analogous to the assays of other isozymes. These assays utilize CDP-star, a substrate of alkaline phosphatases specifically invented for and commonly utilized in blotting techniques [19, 20]. Development and utilization of the prototype plate-reader enzymatic assay for TNAP isozyme with CDP-star substrate was previously described in detail elsewhere [21]. 

The transparent chamber technique in its broadest sense covers all transparent devices which allow living tissue to be studied microscopically for more than a few hours. A large assortment of devices exist for numerous animals and various tissues (Baker and Nastuk, 1986). Internal organs that have been exteriorized by chamber techniques include a loop of small intestine with its attached mesentery in the rabbit and dog, the pancreas of the mouse, and the ovary and Fallopian tube in the rabbit. Body surfaces that have been replaced by transparent windows include the rabbit and monkey cranium, atrium, and stomach wall, and the dog and rabbit thorax. The original transparent chamber designed for the rabbit ear has since been modified and adapted to the lateral body-wall skin flap of rabbits, the ear of the dog, the hamster cheek pouch, the dorsal skin fold of the mouse and the rat, and even to the upper-arm skin fold in man. 

Bowman, K.F., Monteiro-Riviere, N.A., and Riviere, J.E., 1991, Development of surgical techniques for preparation of in vitro isolated perfused porcine skin flaps for percutaneous absorption studies. Am. J. Vet. Res., 25 75-82. 

Kreidstein, M.L., Pang, C.Y., Levine, R.H., and Knowlton, R.J., 1991, The isolated perfused human skin flap design, perfusion technique, metabolism and vascular reactivity, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 87 741-749. 

Since ions show stronger interactions with EM fields than neutral atoms, which experience only a weak force because of their polarizability, they can be stored more effectively in EM traps. Therefore trapping of ions was achieved long before neutral particles were flapped [1215,1216]. Two different techniques have been developed to store ions within a small volume in the radio frequency (RF) quadrupole trap [1216,1217,1242] the ions are confined within a hyperbolic electric dc field superimposed by a RF field, while in the Penning trap [1220] a dc magnetic field with a superimposed electric field of hyperbolic geometry is used to flap the ions. 

FLAP (fluorescence loss after photoactivation) is a useful technique to investigate protein dynamics. The protein of interest can be fused to a photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (GFP) that upon irradiation increases fluorescence intensity around 100 times. Hence, after photoactivation of a certain cellular region, the protein diffusion rate can be determined by specifically tracking the photoactivated proteins [13]. 

FRAP (fluorescence recovery afterphotobleaching) is a complementary technique to FLAP. In FRAP, a specific cellular region is bleached after irradiation of a beam of laserand protein diffusion of a fluorescently labeled protein can be determined by detecting fluorescence recovery in the bleached area. 

Kargar F, Aaxami MH. Rotational pericardial flap an alternative tension-free technique for pericardial closure. J Thorac Cardovasc Surg 2007 134(2) 510-1. 

Surgical treatment is required in chronic lesions with fistulization and abscessation. They must be excised with ample margins, and the wound is left to spontaneously heal or is closed by means of flaps or other reconstructive techniques. Rather surprisingly, specific references to this entity in hand-surgery textbooks are scarce. 

Phalloplasty is considered to be one of the most challenging procedures in reconstructive surgery (Upton et al. 1987). The development of techniques of phalloplasty has paralleled the evolution of flap development in reconstructive surgery itself. Initially, random tubed pedicled flaps were used. Subsequently, pedicled island flaps and myocutaneous... 

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