Flanges deflection

Material Flange deflection per unit thickness of gasket Room temperature — 320°F ... 

The floor of the furnace underwent considerable deformation. The floor beams were 52 cm from top to bottom with a 33-cm-wide flange. One such beam had a 20-cm permanent deflection. 

Apparently a vault had been constructed around the superstructure of the furnace. It was 4.5 x 6 m in cross section and 4 m high. It was constructed of 20-cm-wide flange beams on 0.8 m (front) and 1 m (sides) centers faced on both sides with 10-mm steel plates and filled with dry sand. The explosion displaced the walls about 6 cm. The top of the vault which was supported by a 30-cm beam on top of a 20-cm beam was deflected about 8 cm. Steel doors mounted to slide in angle-iron tracks were blown off. A number of 1.9-cm bolts holding the door tracks were sheared cleanly. The furnace was driven down into the concrete floor and a penetration of some 10 cm was measured. 

Grooved joints resist axial forces tending to separate the joints. Angular deflection, up to the limit specified by the manufacturer, may be used to absorb thermal expansion and to permit the piping to be laid on uneven ground. Grooved joints provide quick and easy assembly and disassembly when compared with flanges, but may require more support than welded joints. 

When irradiated polypropylene syringe flanges are subjected to the bending test, their curves appear as shown in Figure 8. The main consequence of irradiation is the reduction of the angle at which the sample can be deflected before breakage occurs. As the sample is irradiated... 

When shock waves are deflected or reflected by pipe elbows, restrictions, pipe end flanges, closed shut-off valves or such like particularly high temperatures are produced. In outlet pipes of air compressors and in connected vessels lubricant mists can be ignited by compression and explode. ... 

Batstone (1975) conducted four individual water-filled bellows tests with a facility designed to simulate half the dogleg pipe/double bellows assembly (Fig. 42.12). Because the distance from the midpoint between the two miter bends to the first convolution of each bellows differed by only 17.5 mm, only the lower, R6, bellows was evaluated. Axial and shear forces on the bellows were measured as functions of internal pressure along with vertical deflection measurements. The pivot point of the pipe assembly was fixed 0.178 m above the centerline of the bellows at zero internal pressure at a distance of 2.4 m to the first convolution. The ends of the bellows were welded to stub pipes and these bolted to blank flanges, the fixed end being bolted to the support frame and the free end being welded to an I-beam that supported the pivot point of the assembly. 

An alternative approach, used by Turvey and Brooks (1996), involved bonding two small aluminium cantilevers normal to the web of the WF beam. Aluminium rods at the ends of the cantilevers extended for a short distance parallel to the web of the beam. These rods provided the lines of contact for long, PVC shoes placed over the ends of three extensometers (two vertical and one horizontal). Figure 13.18 shows an image of the cantilevers and the transducers with their PVC shoes. The two vertical transducers enabled the vertical deflection and the cross-section rotation to be determined and the horizontal transducer recorded the lateral translation of the beam directly. In later lateral buckling tests an electronic clinometer was also attached either to one of the beam s flanges or to its web to record the cross-section rotation directly. 

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