Flammability organic solvents

As well as this quite obvious environmental aspect, the switch from a volatile, flammable, organic solvent to an ionic liquid may significantly improve the safety of a given process. This will be especially true in oxidation reactions in which air or pure oxygen are used as oxidants the use of common organic solvents is often restricted due to the potential formation of explosive mixtures between oxygen and... 

Care must be exercised when using volatile flammable organic solvents for aspiiation into the flame. A container fitted with a cover which is provided with a small hole for the sample capillary is recommended. 

Operating with chemicals and pressurized containers always carries a certain risk, but the safety features and the precise reaction control of the commercially available microwave reactors protect the users from accidents, perhaps more so than with any classical heating source. The use of domestic microwave ovens in conjunction with flammable organic solvents is hazardous and must be strictly avoided as these instruments are not designed to withstand the resulting conditions when performing chemical transformations. 

All precautions relating to compressed gas cylinders must be enforced—the cylinders must be secured to an immovable object, such as a wall they must have approved pressure regulators in place they must be transported on approved carts etc. Tubing and connectors must be free of gas leaks. There must be an independently vented fume hood in place over the flame to take care of toxic combustion products. Volatile flammable organic solvents and their vapors, such as ether and acetone, must not be present in the lab when the flame is lit. 

White to gray, or pale yellowish-orange crystals or powder. Nonflammable but may be combustible if dissolved in a flammable organic solvent or petroleum distillate for application. Pungent to mild, fruity odor. Odor threshold concentration in water is 4.7 mg/kg (quoted, Keith and Walters,... 

From these publications, workers interested in exploring the microwave technique perceived it to be simultaneously beneficial through increased rates, yet hazardous in the presence of flammable organic solvents. Subsequently, a vast body of work was carried out with domestic microwave ovens, but under solvent-free conditions and without recourse to sample mixing or temperature measurement. This continued across a broadening front on the laboratory scale. These and other developments in microwave chemistry have been reviewed extensively in journals, book chapters4-20 and in a recent monograph21. 

Since most chemical processes use flammable organic solvents, the electrics in all pilot plant and plant facilities are invariably explosion-proof. 

The conventional Grignard reaction (Fig. 2, route I) would generate both a stoichiometric amount of halide waste and a stoichiometric amount of metal waste. It also requires multistep synthesis of the halides. On the other hand, an alternative Grignard-type reaction via catalytic C-H activation in water (Fig. 2, route II) would preclude the use of flammable organic solvents and also avoid the wasteful process of drying them. Obviously, it would provide a cleaner solution for organic synthesis and provide a theoretical 100% atom-efficiency. 

Oxidahon reactions in flammable solvents are crihcal to exothermic, fire, and explosion events. The simultaneous presence of reachve oxidants and flammable organic solvents represent operating conditions that require substanhal safety precautions and have the disadvantage of generating stoichiometric amounts of waste from the oxidant. Therefore the replacement of solvents, oxidants, and reac-hon methodology by environmentally compatible and safe reagents is of prime... 

The residue is transferred to the container used for collecting flammable organic solvents. 

In the past, MAOS has been carried out under dry or solvent-free conditions, mainly to avoid the hazards of using volatile and flammable organic solvents in domestic microwave ovens. Although these solvent-free techniques claimed to be environmentally friendly, as they avoided the... 

The non-aqueous electrolyte is primarily composed of flammable organic solvents. 

Caution. For the preparation of cooling baths from flammable organic solvents, liquid nitrogen must be used. A slow-flowing stream of dry nitrogen must be present at all times to prevent condensation of liquid air in traps that are at -196° and open to the atmosphere. 

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