Fish toxin

Distribution. The first indication of the occurrence of palytoxin in fish was presented in 1969 (16). The filefish Altera scripta belonging to family Monacathidae was traditionally known in Okinawa, Japan, to contain a toxic substance in the gut and, thus, to kill pigs when fed to them. The presence of fragments of Palythoa sp. in the guts and the resemblance in solubility between the fish toxin and palytoxin led the authors to a conclusion that the toxic principle in the filefish viscera was palytoxin. Incidence of human intoxication due to eating the filefish was not confirm. ... 

Venom is secreted from the dorsal, pelvic and anal spines. A review of original papers indicates that many papers have failed to specify from which spine the venom was obtained. Therefore, some publications are meaningless scientifically. Not a single component of fish venoms has been characterized for the amino acid sequence yet. Even the molecular weight of fish toxins is not clear. Deakins and Saunders (25) concluded that the molecular weight of Scorpaena toxin was 150,000, while Schaeffer et al. (26) concluded that it had a molecular weight range of 50,000 to 800,000. 

Fish have receptor cells specific for certain compounds. Examples are the reception of the fish toxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Arctic chart, Salvelinus alpinus. Both toxins are extremely potent taste stimuli. Not only are the receptors extremely sensitive... 

Source of Extracted Fish Toxin. Two different extracts of ciguatoxic fish were used in this study. Partially purified ciguatoxin was derived from the liver and viscera of the Pacific moray eel (Gymnothorax Javanicus) and was a side fraction of the... 

Since only a limited amount of fish toxin was available, two temperatures (2U°C and 3 C) were used to assess the influence of ambient temperature on the apparent hypothermia induced by crude fish toxin. The hypothermia was dependent on ambient temperature and experimentally demonstrated that mice treated with fish toxin also lost their ability to maintain body temperature (Figure 6). 

To determine the effect of lowered body temperature on mortality, groups of toxin-treated mice were maintained at several elevated temperatures and their survival rates monitored. Because of the limited quantity of fish toxin, only the dinoflagellate toxin could be administered to a significant number of animals held at various temperatures. Groups of eight mice treated with one-half of an LD o dose were placed at four different ajribient temperatures. 

The percentage of mice in each group that survived after five hours was 100% y 15% 9 62f and 25 when maintained at 2k°Cy 28° C, 3 C and 37 C, respectively. A similar result was observed when crude fish toxin was administered to a group of three mice. It would appear, therefore, that holding animals at higher temperatures, while ameliorating the drop in body temperature, had an adverse effect on survival. 

Both toxins exhibit similar dose-response profiles and both toxins elicit the apparent hypothermia to the same extent and for the same duration. This response, whether promoted by the fish toxin or the dinoflagellate toxin, is reversed by increasing ambient temperature. In addition, both toxins evoke equivalent gross symptoms of malaise. These similarities in biological traits suggest that more than a casual relationship exists between ciguatoxin and maitotoxin. 

Lastly, tetrodotoxin, the Japanese puffer fish toxin, is a polyhydroxylated reduced 2-aminoquinazoline derivative that has attracted a lot of interest, and a number of asymmetric total syntheses have recently been published <2003JA8798, 2003JAl 1510, 2004AGE4782, 2005CRV4537>. 

Chemicals, which affect neurons, such as the Puffer fish toxin tetrodotoxin, which blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels in motor neurons, will also affect other cells such as skeletal muscle cells, causing paralysis. 

Neurotoxin Saxitoxin. Shell fish toxin ganglion blocker where the guanidinium groups act as an NR4+ group cf. curare (see text)... 

Latrunculins A (272) and B (273) are two fish toxins first isolated from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica (220,221). Two minor toxins named latrunculins C (274) and D (275) were isolated from the same sponge (222). Latrunculin A (272) was isolated from the Pacific nudibranch Chro-modoris elisabethina (223), and latrunculin B (273) was obtained from a nudibranch Glossodoris quadricolor (224) these nudibranchs are known... 

Maybe you could get a good recipe for extracting cobra venom or shell fish toxin through the Freedom of Information Act. 

Saxitoxin is a naturally occurring toxin that is synthesized by various marine dinoflagellates. It is used in neurochemical and molecular biology research. Saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. It is far more potent than the classic puffer fish toxin, tetrodotoxin. Saxitoxin is one of only two naturally occurring schedule 1 chemical warfare agents (the other is ricin). 

The puffer fish toxin. Captain Cook severely affected in 1774. The fish is prepared by trained cooks and eaten as fugu in Japan. Also found in ovaries and liver of related fish species and some cephalopods. Non-protein MW 319. Effects numbness and tingling of lips, vomiting, fall in BP, weakness, paralysis, respiratory failure, death. Lethal dose in mice 5 pg/kg among the most potent of toxins. Blocks sodium channels and prevents depolarization. Believed to be produced by bacteria in the fish. Looked at by Japan in WWII as a potential CW agent. 

T. Nishikawa, D. Urabe, K. Yoshida, T. Iwabushi, M. Asai, andM. Isobe, Stereocontrolled synthesis of 8,11-dideoxytetrodotoxin, unnatural analogue of puffer fish toxin, Org. Lett., 4 (2002) 2679-2682. 

Toxins that bind to sodium channels and promote sodium flux. Examples of these include tetrodotoxin (puffer fish toxin), and scorpion venom. 

Reeves, K., Thomas, K., and Quilliam, M.A., A mussel certified reference material for paralytic sheU-fish toxins. In Molluscan Shellfish Safety. HenshUwood, K., Deegan, B., et al. (Eds.), The Marine Institute, Ireland, 2006, p. 116. 

Yotsu-Yamashita, M. 2001. Chemistry of puffer fish toxin. J. Toxicol-Toxin Rev. 20, 51-66. 

The first asymmetric total synthesis of tetrodotoxin, a puffer fish toxin ... 

C20H28O4, Mr 332.44, mp. 111-112 C, yellow needles, [a]o -188 (CHCI3), a diterpene with abietane structure from Callicarpa candicans, fish toxin. 

C34H4JO8, Mr 584.75, [aJo +55.1 (CHCI3), a toxic di-terpene with daphnetoxin structure from Hura crepitans (Euphorbiaceae). H. irritates the eyes and skin and can lead to blindness. As a fish toxin H. is ten times more potent than rotenone. It has insecticidal activity. Lit. J. Nat. Prod. 47, 482 (1984) Phytochemistry 32, 141 (1993). - [CAS 33465-16-6]... 

C23H46CINO4, Mr 436.08, needles, mp. 74-75°C. A fish toxin obtained from the boxfish Ostracion lentig-inosus, known in Hawaii as pahu). On being touched and under other stimulations the fish secretes a slime containing P. through its skin. The secretion is not only extremely toxic to smaller fish but also to the trunk-fish itself. 

The next section, AUelochenUcals for Control of Insects and Other Arumals, discusses insect resistance factors in petunias, geraniums, com, centipede grass, sunflowers, and neem, as well as insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids and fish toxins from mangrove plants. 

Novel Fish Toxins of the Cadinane Sesquiterpene Class... 

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