Damage created

An example of the ability of atomic hydrogen to passivate the electrically active damage created by Ar2+ ion beam (6 keV) bombardment of n-type (N = 1.5 x 1016 cm-3) Ge is shown in Fig. 8. In this case the Ge was sputter etched for 10 min. at 24°C or 100°C and the spectrum recorded using an evaporated Au Schottky contact. The damage created by the sputtering caused the rather broad peak of Fig. 8(i), which was unaffected by a 30 min. anneal at 200°C in molecular hydrogen. Heating in atomic... 

For p-InP, proton implantation introduces damage-induced deep donors which compensate the shallow acceptors, and high resistivity materials can be achieved (Donnelly and Hurwitz, 1977 Focht et al., 1984). However, for n-InP, damage created by proton implantation induces deep donors that produce a limiting resistivity of a few thousands Q-cm (Donnelly and Hurwitz, 1977 Focht et al., 1984 Thompson et al., 1983). 

After irradiation at 25 kGy, the O-Fi stretching region was observed for a few minutes (Fig. 8) and slow rehydration of the surface at ambient atmosphere was evidenced. Water present in the atmosphere adsorbs on the silica and the damages created by irradiation on... 

The concept of schizophrenia as a neurode- velopmental disorder has inspired attempts to create adverse and early postnatal events in, animals to model the psychopathological processes underlying the disorder (109, 110). These neurodevelopmental models include prenatal malnutrition, viral infection and hypoxia, disrupted neurogenesis by X-ray irradiation or neurotoxins in utero, adverse postnatal experiential factors such as maternal deprivation and social isolation, and postnatal brain damage created by hippocampal, neocor-tical, or thalamic lesions (109-111). With the possible exception of maternal deprivation and social isolation, these models have not been sufficiently characterized pharmacologically to be used for antipsychotic drug screening. 

The SSTR technique is based on the damage created in a solid along the path of a heavily ionizing particle such as an alpha particle or a fission fragment. The damage along the path, called a track, may become visible under an ordinary optical microscope after etching with suitable chemicals. The visible tracks are counted either by direct observation by a human or with the help of automated instruments. ... 

Damp-wood termites do not require contact with the soil. Their infestation is even more devastating than the damage created by subterranean termites. This species derives moisture from numerous sources and has been found on the upper floors of masonry structures where there were plumbing or structural leaks. 

Traditionally, laminate strength theories are based on ply strengths and models that use them to predict when a laminate would fail. The complexities associated with failure of a single ply are compounded in this case by the fact that damage created in one ply can interact with damage in other plies and evolve very differently depending on the laminate. For example, matrix cracks may evolve to delaminations or may branch out to adjacent plies as shown in Figure 6.6. 

In the general approach, the loads are applied incrementally until first-ply failure occurs. The type of failure, matrix or fiber, determines which properties of the failed plies must change to reflect the damage created. This is subjective and can cover a range of possibilities. The most conservative approach would completely discard affected properties for the failed plies. So for fiber failure, E would be set to zero. For matrix failure, E22 and G12 would be set to zero. Then, the loads would be incremented until another ply fails, and the procedure would be repeated to complete failure of the laminate. Less conservative approaches attempt to only partially discount stiffness values of the failed ply and even differentiate between tension and compression moduli. These methods can be reasonably accurate if they are accompanied by selected tests that help better define adjustment factors for the stiffness properties of failed plies. However, they are limited in applicability and accuracy because they are affected by the first-ply failure criterion used to trigger the failure sequence and because they do not correctly capture damage modes such as delamination and the interaction between them such as matrix cracks causing delaminations in adjacent ply interfaces. 

Fig. 21 Schematic of AFM tip-assisted immobilization drawn approximately to scale (bUayer thickness 4nm tip radius 20 nm vesicle diameter 40nm) a An intact defect-free DMPC bilayer is formed on a mercaptoethanol SAM on gold (SAM is omitted from schematic) b subsequent scanning with an AFM tip at high force leads to local damage of the bilayer c in these areas (the schematic drawing does not imply any molecular detail concerning the damage created in step (b)) vesicles wiU adsorb from the solution and stay immobilized. (Reprinted with permission from [174], copyright (2004), American Chemical Society)...

For the used material as well as for the as-received one, an increase in temperature always induces a decrease in the elastic modulus (Table III). This observation is generally explained by a progressive weakening of the intergranular oxide phase. The damage created in... 

Hoses must be protected from damages created by vehicular traffic. 

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