Fired heaters costs

Fired Heater Cost, = [Base cost(fy Adjustment (actors... 

TABLE 8.6 Direct-Fired Heater Cost Factors... 

Fired Hester a.s a. Reactor. When viewed as a reactor, the fired heater adds a unique set of energy considerations, such as. Can the heater be designed to operate with less air by O2 and CO analy2ers How does air preheating affect fuel use and efficiency How can a lower cost fuel (coal) be used Can the high energy potential of the fuel be used upstream in a gas turbine ... 

In extremely cold environments, engines can quickly become difficult, sometimes nearly impossible, to start. If ordinary gasoline- or diesel-oil-fired heaters are used, the coolant circulation pump, air fan, etc, must be powered from the vehicle s batteries, thus curtailing the time the system can be used, especially at very low temperatures when it is needed the most. By adding PbTe thermoelectrics to such heater systems, about 2% of their thermal output can be turned into electricity to mn the heater s electronics, fuel pump, combustion fan, and coolant circulation pump, with stiH sufficient power left over to keep the vehicle s battery fliUy charged. The market for such units is in the hundreds of thousands if manufacturing costs can be reduced. 

A. Pikiilik and H. E. Diaz [Chem. Eng., 84, 106-122 (Oct. 10, 1977)] presented a graphical method for estimating the fabricated cost of distillation cohimns and pressnre vessels, storage tanks, fired heaters, pnmps and drivers, compressors and drivers, and vacnnm eqnipment. 

The,se heaters represent a low-cost, low-ot ficiency design that requires a minimum of plot area. Typical duties run from 0.5 to 200 MMBtu/hr. Six iy[)cs of veitical-tube-fired heaters are shown in Figure 3-20. 

Gallagher, J.T., Cost of Direct-Fired Heaters, July 17,1967, p. 232. 

Unless otherwise indicated, the unit price is 1000, K. Except where indicated, notably for fired heaters, refrigeration systems, and cooling towers (which are installed prices), the prices are purchase prices, FOB, with delivery charges extra. In the United States delivery charges are of the order of 5% of the purchase price, but, of course, dependent on the unit value, as cost per b or per... 

Figure 8.2 Direct-fired heater base cost.

The total modular factor, 227.5% for the direct-fired heater, multiplied by the base cost, is equal to this particular equipment module field-erected and ready to commission. 

TABLE 8.7 Direct-Fired Heater Module Associated Cost Factor Additions, in Percent... 

The MPG process preheats a gaseous feedstock with hot raw gas and an optional fired preheater. Preheat level and installation of the fired heater are determined by energy and cost optimization, which is based on the relative values of feed, fuel gas, and oxygen. Feed gas and oxygen enter the reactor with a minor amount of steam via the gas burner. Gasification occurs in a refractory-lined reactor at temperatures between 1200 and 1400°C.179... 

Costs for forced circulation evaporators, long tube evaporators, and agitated falling-film evaporators are presented in Figs. 15-26 and 15-27. Information on purchased cost of specialized heaters is given in Figs. 15-28 and 15-29, while Figs. 15-30 and 15-31 present costs for process furnaces and direct-fired heaters. 

Cost of direct-fired heaters, cylindrical type with vertical tubes. 

In general, the less heat is applied the greater the cost savings. As heat is applied at production facilities by fuel-gas-fired heaters, any increase in heat is reflected in fuel-gas consumption. The addition of heat also boils lighter hydrocarbon fractions from the crude oil less product at a lower API gravity (defined in the Glossary) results. Addition of heat also accelerates rates of corrosion and increases the likelihood of scale formation on vessel internals, particularly the fire tubes. 

Improve fuel quality. Switching to a cleaner-burning fuel, such as natural gas, reduces the emissions from fired heaters. This must be traded off against the higher cost of natural gas relative to heating oil and coal. 

Novatec has developed two systems which can be applied to drying fillers. One is an indirect gas fired heater which can be used with any drier to improve the process economy. About 80% of the heating cost can be saved by the use of these heaters. Novatec also offers a portable drying/conveying system which conveys particulate materials through the drier and delivers them directly to the next process step. 

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