Fire-resistant Papers

Papers with fire-resistant properties are used for wallpaper, decoration paper, Chi-nese/Japanese lamps and partition walls. Flame retardants are added either at the wet end or by surface treatment in the paper production process. They either release incombustible gases on heating, which prevent the entry of atmospheric oxygen, or when heated produce a nonflammable melt that surrounds the paper. Chemicals for this purpose include calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, diammonium ethyl phosphate, and mixtures of zinc borates, antimony oxides, and organic haloid salts as well as inorganic bromides and oxybromides. 

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Phenol-formaldehyde resins are the oldest thermosetting polymers. They are produced by a condensation reaction between phenol and formaldehyde. Although many attempts were made to use the product and control the conditions for the acid-catalyzed reaction described by Bayer in 1872, there was no commercial production of the resin until the exhaustive work by Baekeland was published in 1909. In this paper, he describes the product as far superior to amber for pipe stem and similar articles, less flexible but more durable than celluloid, odorless, and fire-resistant. ° The reaction between phenol and formaldehyde is either base or acid catalyzed, and the polymers are termed resols (for the base catalyzed) and novalacs (for the acid catalyzed). 

A number of theories may be considered to explain the phenomena which occur to the fire-resistant coating during the course of the fire. The following theories are considered in this paper gas theory, thermal conductivity, breathing or gas permeability, endothermic changes, and fusion. In actual practice, more than one of these theories is involved. All may occur if the fire is of long duration, accompanied by high temperatures. 

The filler composition of the mastic is generally a mixture of many materials, each one employed with a definite objective. The compositions of these materials vary with the source of supply therefore, physical constants are difficult to compare. All materials are classified in this paper with respect to the properties in attaining a fire-resistant coating based on the theories disclosed. 

In general, boric acid esters (also called borester) derived from alcohols and boric acid are hydrolytically unstable for general use in plastics/elastomers, wood, paper, or cotton. However, the pressure treating of wood with trimethylborate [B(OCH3)3] is reported to be effective in rendering it fire resistant.88 In this case, once trimethylborate penetrates the wood, it will revert back to boric acid. 

Organophosphorus and polyphosphate compounds also have been used as fire retardants. In one study, ammonium polyphosphate was used at loading levels of 96 kg/m to achieve a flame-spread index of 15 according to ASTM E 84 (J2). This treatment produced low smoke yields however, this treatment was corrosive to aluminum, slightly corrosive to mild steel, but not corrosive to brass (77). In a patent by Clermont (78), phosphorus pentoxide, dimethylformamide, and urea were used to produce fire-retardant paper or veneer. Other patents (79, 80) describe the reaction of ammonia with partial esters of polyphosphoric acid. All patents demonstrated some leach resistance of the phosphorus. 

Used as paper impregnant in automobile capacitors (dielectrics). Electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials impreg-nants sealing compounds crankcase additive ingredient in penetrating oils plasticizer protective coatings. 

Sheets of paper, two fire-resistant siipport.s, measuring beaker, safety glasses, protective gloves. 

The chemicals are weighed out, transferred to a large sheet of paper and mixed cautiously by moving the paper to and fro. Tliey are poured on to the fire-resistant to form an elongated heap. The mixtures arc ignited at one edge with 1-2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid added from a dropping pipette a sparkler can also be used. 

The QAP should define record storage requirements with regard to location, time period, security, and format. Paper records are commonly stored in lockable, fire-resistant file cabinets. Active computer records are backed up at frequent intervals to disks or tapes that are stored similarly. After the specified period of years, data files are fransferred to a secure storage location. The time period to ultimate disposal may be controlled by regulations, management policy, or a specific need for records (or lack thereof) after an extended period of time. 

In contrast to the use of cyclic phosphazene trlmers, linear phosphonltrlllc chloride polymers were reported from the reaction of open-chain phosphonltrlllc chloride oligomers with ammonia or ammonium chloride (11). The polymers (II) obtained appear to have a lower MW than those described earlier, and they may be more useful for applications such as fire resistant coatings and foams which are discussed in a subsequent section of this paper. 

Trials have been made by numerous investigators to improve the quality of paper sheets, to meet the different applications, e.g., coloration, as insulating materials for electrical equipment, which need higher voltages, as well as durable and fire-, magnetic-, and biological-resistant paper sheets. 

With respect to hotmelts, biobased and biodegradable (Guo et al., 2010) types are available on the market, developed primarily for paper and cardboard. Table 1.8 gives an overview of hotmelts tested on textiles. Some were functionalised towards antimicrobial behavior and fire resistance (De Vilder et al., 2013). On cotton, good flame retardancy was obtained for the FR-functionalized Unirez using Eco-flam PU-228... 

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