FIOR

Fluid Iron Ore Reduction (FIOR) is a process for reducing ore to iron with a reducing gas in a fluid bed. For thermodynamic efficiency, iron ore reduction requires counter current flow of ore and reducing gas. This is achieved in FIOR in a multiple bed reactor. Precautions are necessary to prevent significant back mixing of solids between beds, since this would destroy counter current staging. 

Several other processes that are aimed at the manufacture of gasoline from coal have been applied over the years. The main reactor in these processes uses three phase fluidization in which solid coal particles, gases, and liquids are all contacted at very high temperatures and pressures. Fluid bed dryers and fluid cokers are also used in synthetic fuels manufacmre. 

Fluid bed boilers have also been applied as a cure to sulfur dioxide air pollution from power plants. Various schemes have been developed in which combustion of a sulfur containing fuel takes place in a fluidized bed of particles which absorb or react with sulfur dioxide. The particles are usually regenerated to recover sulfur, which often has enough by-product value to make a significant contribution to process economics. 

Several important applications of fluid beds exist outside the petroleum industry. Fluid bed roasting of pyritic ores is widely used in the metallurgical industry. Calcination of lime is a commercial process. There are also fluidization processes for various nuclear processing steps. 

Fluid bed processes have been subject to many problems and uncertainties in development and scale up from bench-scale reactors. The fluidization behavior of each process seems different and very often does not meet expectations based on experience with earlier plants. With hindsight fluid cat cracking seems to be an ideal system from the point of view of easy operation and straightforward scale up. 

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FIOR Process. In the FIOR process, shown in Figure 5, sized iron ore fines (0.04—12 mm) are dried in a gas-fired rotary dryer. A skip hoist dehvers the dry fines to lock hoppers for pressurizing. The fines pass through four fluidized-bed reactors in series. Reactor 1 preheats the ore to 760°C in a nonreducing atmosphere. Reactors 2, 3, and 4 reduce the ore at 690—780°C. At higher (ca 810°C) temperatures there is a tendency for the beds to defluidize as a result of sticking or hogging of the reduced material. 

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The data given in the table for corynanthine are due to Foumeau and Fiore. Raymond-Hamet later found that corynanthine on alkaline hydrolysis gave a dextrorotatory acid, which Scholz confirmed and identified its methyl ester as yohimbine and suggested that corynanthine is a stereoisomeride of yohimbine. Fourneau and Benoit have confirmed that corynanthine on acid hydrolysis gives 1-corynanthic acid (m.p. 284°, [a]i) — 85-9° pyridine), but on alkaline hydrolysis, even in the cold, some racemisation occurs and the resulting acid is of low lasvo-rotation. They also point out that both yohimbine and corynanthine yield yohimbone on dehydrogenation cf., p. 504) and are probably stereoiso-merides. 

An independent, international, nonprofit profiessional society that provides a fiorum fior individuals and institutions engaged in the study ofi environmental issues, management and conservation ofi natural resources, environmental education, and environmental research and development. Ofifiices in Belgium, Australia and the United States. 

Promotes the adoption and application ofi appropriate pre >ention and control measures, regulations, standards, work practices and techniques fior the safie use ofi chiysotile asbestos. 

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Validation is an activity that can be defined as providing confirmation by examination and objective evidence that the particular requirements fior a specific intended use can he consistently Julfilled. 

Laszlo Nagy , Lorenzo PeUerito Tiziana Fiore Enikd Nagy , Claudia PeUerito Attila Szorcsik and Michelangelo Scopelliti ... 

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