Filling Stacked Membranes

The membrane-coating granules in keratinized epithelia contain electron-dense lipid lamellae [68, 77], and therefore, the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum are filled with short stacks of lipid lamellae [67, 132], Most of the membrane-coating granules in nonkeratinized epithelia consist of amorphous material [120] however, some studies have shown that a small number of these granules in nonkeratinized epithelia contain lamellae [151]. Therefore,... 

Figure 8.12 Two types of electrotransfer apparatus. At the left a tank transfer cell is shown in an exploded view. The cassette (1) holds the gel (2) and transfer membrane (3) between buffer-saturated filter paper pads (4). The cassette is inserted vertically into the buffer-filled tank (5) between positive and negative electrodes (not shown). A lid with connectors and leads for applying electrical power is not shown. On the right side of the figure is shown an exploded view of a semidry transfer unit. The gel (5) and membrane (6) are sandwiched between buffer-saturated stacks of filter paper (4) and placed between the cathode assembly (3) and anode plate (7). A safety lid (1) attaches to the base (9). Power is applied through cables (8).

In a batch unit, the water to be demineralized is fed into a batch tank under pressure until the batch tank is full. The filling of the tank is controlled by a level controller and an automatic valve, AVt. The full batch tank of water to be demineralized is pumped through the membrane stack by a dilute pump, D, and recirculated back through the tank until the desired effluent conductivity of the water is achieved. The... 

Figure 16.13 Transport through cation-and anion-exchange membranes in a) "unfilled" and b) "all filled" CEDI stacks. Courtesy of Siemens Water Technologies—Ionpure Products.

A home-built solid state NMR probe for membrane protein studies has been described by Kim et al. Proteins in highly oriented lipid bilayer samples are useful to study membrane protein structure determination. Planar lipid bilayers aligned and supported on glass slide were prepared. The stack of glass slide with planar lipid bilayers is not well fit for commercial solid state NMR probe with round coil. Therefore, homebuilt solid state NMR probe was built by Kim et al. The overall filling factor of the coil was much better and the large surface area increased the extent to orientation by providing uniform environments for the... 

Stack of parallel cisternae filled with porelike structures probably of membranous origin observed in ... 

PEMFGs use a proton-conducting polymer membrane as electrolyte. The membrane is squeezed between two porous electrodes [catalyst layers (CLs)]. The electrodes consist of a network of carbon-supported catalyst for the electron transport (soHd matrix), partly filled with ionomer for the proton transport. This network, together with the reactants, forms a three-phase boundary where the reaction takes place. The unit of anode catalyst layer (ACL), membrane, and cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is called the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). The MEA is sandwiched between porous, electrically conductive GDLs, typically made of carbon doth or carbon paper. The GDL provides a good lateral delivery of the reactants to the CL and removal of products towards the channel of the flow plates, which form the outer layers of a single cell. Single cells are connected in series to form a fuel-cell stack. The anode flow plate with structured channels is on one side and the cathode flow plate with structured channels is on the other side. This so-called bipolar plate... 

A much more elegant way to prepare hydroxide eluents has been introduced by Liu et al. [196]. The respective device was commercialized under the trade name Eluent Generator . The most important part of this module is a cartridge, in which potassium hydroxide is generated by means of electrolysis. As schematically depicted in Figure 3.200, such a cartridge consists of an electrolyte reservoir, which is filled with a concentrated KOH solution and connected to an electrolysis chamber via a stack of cation-exchange membranes. While the... 

An arbitrary membrane stack p, should visually consist of a series of identical membrane profiles arranged in an image and mirror image sequence, where the single profiles are separated by gaps of statistical width. These gaps are filled up rec-... 

Figure 16.19 shows the expanded view of a conventional, stacked-disk plate-and-frame CEDI module (stack). Inside one end of the module is the cathode and inside the other end is the anode. Between the cathode and anode are layers of flat-sheet cation- and anion- exchange membranes separated by spacers that act as alternating diluting (product) and concentrating (reject) compartments. Resin is placed in the diluting compartments, as shown in Figure 16.20a. Note that in the newer all filled configurations, all compartments are filled with ion exchange resin as shown in Figure 16.20b. An electrical potential is applied to the stack (100-600 volts DC at 3-10 amps) that drives ions toward the respective cathode or anode. (The amount of current drawn from the power supply is...

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