Fever-reducing drugs

Suggest a synthesis of antipyrine (56), one of the very earlier synthetic drugs, still used as a fever-reducing drug in some countries. 

Analgesics are divided into two groups opioids (morphine-like substances), which predominantly influence the central nervous system (CNS) and nonopioids (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory or fever-reducing drugs—NSAID), which act predominantly on the peripheral nervous system. 

Like aspirin, ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with COX-1 and COX-2 forms of that enzyme. Its effects on COX-2 give it fever-reducing (antipyretic), analgesic (pain relief), and anti-inflammatory functions. 

In general, nonopioid analgesics are characterized by three fundamental types of action analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and fever-reducing action, which are used for alleviation of headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, and that do not have sedative or soporific effects. Euphoria, addiction, and drug dependence do not result from their use. 

As a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, diflunisal exhibits analgesic, fever-reducing, and anti-inflammatory action. It is used for long- and short-lasting symptomatic relief of low to moderate pain in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.Synonyms for this drug are dolobid, adomal, noladol, and others. 

Tohnetin, like all of the drugs described above, inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins and exhibits expressed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and fever-reducing properties. It is used for relieving weak to moderate pain in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Synonyms for tolmetin are tolectin, tolmex, and others. 

Oxicames are representatives of another series of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fever-reducing compounds whose mechanisms of action are most likely the suppression of prostaglandin synthesis. These drugs are capable of relieving painful symptoms of medium intensity. 

WARNING Renal impair is the major tox foUow administration instructions Uses CMV retinitis w/ HIV Action Selective inhibition of viral DNA synth Dose Rx 5 mg/kg IV over 1 h once/wk for 2 wk w/ probenecid Maint 5 mg/kg IV once/2 wk w/ probenecid (2 g PO 3 h prior to cidofovir, then 1 g PO at 2 h 8 h after cidofovir) X in renal impair Caution [C, -] Contra Probenecid or sulfa allergy Disp Inj SE Renal tox, chills, fever, HA, NA /D, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia Interactions t Nephrotox W/ aminoglycosides, amphot icin B, foscar-net, IV pentamidine, NSAIDs, vancomycin t effects W/zidovudine EMS Monitor ECG for hypocalcemia (t QT int val) and hypokalemia (flattened T waves) OD May cause renal failure hydration may be effective in reducing drug levels/effects Cilostazol (Pletal) TAntiplatelet, Arterial Vasodilator/ Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor] Uses Reduce Sxs of intermittent claudication Action Phosphodiesterase in inhibitor t s cAMP in pits blood vessels, vasodilation inhibit pit aggregation Dose 100 mg PO bid, 1/2 h before or 2 h after breakfast dinner Caution [C, +/-] Contra CHE, hemostatic disorders. 

Ibuprofen is a well-known drug that possesses analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties. It is particularly known for its use in pain relief from arthritis. Ibuprofen was discovered by Dr. Stewart Adams and his colleagues in the United Kingdom in the 1950s, patented in 1961, and first made available in 1969. It became available in the United States in 1974. Ibuprofen tablets are sold under the trade names Advil and Motrin. The chemical name of ibuprofen is 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid. 

Food and Drug Administraticxi. FDA announces new alcdiol wamii for pain relieves and fever reducers. HHS News. Available at http //www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/ NEW00659.html (accessed 15/08/07). 

The history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAlDs) dates right back to ancient times - beginning with Hippocrates of Kos (460-377 BC) and the collection of medical writings known as the Corpus Hippocraticum. It is therefore as old as medical science itself. Hippocrates aheady knew of the pain-relieving (analgesic) and fever-reducing (antipyretic) effects of willow bark (Fig. 5.70). 

Traditional Medicine. Has been used for millennia as a drug and a food or spice in Egypt, India, and the Middle East. Its medicinal uses include fever reducing and treating mouth ulcers, bronchitis, chronic coughs, and chapped lips, for milk promotion, as digestive aid, for cancers, and others also reported... 

Aspinn possesses a number of properties that make it an often recommended drug It is an analgesic effective m relieving headache pain It is also an antiinflammatory agent providing some relief from the swelling associated with arthritis and minor injuries Aspinn IS an antipyretic compound that is it reduces fever How aspmn does all this was once a mystery but is now better understood and will be discussed m Section 26 6 Each year more than 40 million lb of aspirin is produced m the United States a rate equal to 300 tablets per year for every man woman and child... 

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