Fetus, effects

Cholestyramine is another treatment option for cholestasis of pregnancy. It is an oral medication that binds bile salts in the intestine and promotes their excretion in the feces. As this drug is not absorbed, it most likely has little effect on the fetus. Effects on the fetus are stiU under evaluation. However, cholestyramine can interfere with the absorption of fat soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K. In rare cases, drug-induced vitamin K deficiency is believed to contribute to hemorrhaging during childbirth. 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

The alimentary symptoms may be overshadowed by neuromuscular dysfunction, accompanied by signs of motor weakness that may progress to paralysis of the exterior muscles or the wrist (wrist drop), and less often, of the ankles (foot drop). Encephalopathy, the most serious result of lead poisoning, frequendy occurs in children as a result of pica, ie, ingestion of inorganic lead compounds in paint chips this rarely occurs in adults. Nephropathy has also been associated with chronic lead poisoning (147). The toxic effects of lead may be most pronounced on the developing fetus. Consequendy, women must be particulady cautious of lead exposure (148). The U.S. Center for Disease Control recommends a blood level of less than 10 p.m per 100 mL for children. 

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of test methods to assess the possible adverse functional effects of exposing the fetus, both early and late in gestation (112,113). 

No teratogenic effects were observed in mice and rats exposed to vapor concentrations of 300 ppm. Exposure levels having no effect on the mother are not anticipated to affect the fetus (36). 

F. Reproductive toxins Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis) ... 

The effects of a teratogen on a fetus depend on the timing of the exposure, i.e., at which stage of organogenesis the exposure takes place. Exposure to a teratogen before implantation usually leads to death and abortion of the fetus. How-... 

In addition to direct effects of chemical compounds on the fetus, metabolic disturbances in the mother, such as diabetes or hyperthermia, or deficiencies of calories or specific nutrients such as vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid may lead to teratogenesis. Compounds that inhibit placental functions may also induce malformations, e.g., by inhibiting placental circulation. For example, hydroxyurea disrupts the placental circulation and induces malformations. In addition, it also induces DNA damage. 

Beneficial effects have also been attributed to PAF. In reproduction, PAF secreted by the fertilized egg is instrumental in the implantation of the egg in the uterine wall. PAF is produced in significant quantities in the lungs of the fetus late in pregnancy and may stimulate the production of fetal lung surfactant, a protein-lipid complex that prevents collapse of the lungs in a newborn infant. 

The tetracyclines are contraindicated if the patient is known to be hypersensitive to any of the tetracyclines. Tetracyclines also are contraindicated during pregnancy because of die possibility of toxic effects to the developing fetus. The tetracyclines are classified Pregnancy Category D drag. These drug also are contraindicated... 

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