Ferromanganese deposits

N. A. Wogman, K. Chave, R. K. Sarem, eds., Inter-Universif Program of Research on Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor, Seabed Assessment Program, Washington, D.C., 1973. 

Rehk per M, Frank M, Hein JR, Porcelli D, Halliday A, Ingri J, Liebeh au V (2002) Thallium isotope variations in seawater and hydrogenetic, diagenetic, and hydrodiermal ferromanganese deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 197 65-81... 

Horn, D. R., et al. (1972). Ferromanganese Deposits of the North Pacific, National Science Foundatbn, pp. 40-54. 

Concentration of (a) copper, (b) nickel, and (c) cobalt in iron-manganese nodules found on the seafloor. Source-. From Ross, D. A. (1982). Introduction to Oceanography, 3rd ed., Prentice Flail, pp. 411-412. Data from D. R. Florn, et al. (1972). Ferromanganese Deposits of the North Pacific, National Science Foundation, pp. 40-54. 

Stratigraphic and geochemical interpretation of the Early Silurian Woodstock ferromanganese deposits, New Brunswick, Canada... 

Results of U determinations show maximum values of U, Th, and Ra in the nodules, i.e., there is a chance to use these elements as additional economic components during future mining of seabed ferromanganese deposits. 

Ku (1977) published an excellent review of the earlier literature on growth rates of ferromanganese deposits. 

Halbach P., Segl M., Puteanus D., and Mangini A. (1983) Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from Central Pacific seamount areas. Nature 304, 716—719. 

Albarede F. and Goldstein S. L. (1992) World map of Nd isotopes in sea-floor ferromanganese deposits. Geology 20, 761-761. 

Figure 3 Map of Nd-isotope variability in ferromanganese deposits. The map shows systematic geographic variability with lowest values in the North Atlantic, highest values in the Pacific, and intermediate values elsewhere. Arrows illustrate general movement of deep water, and show that the contours generally follow deep-water flow. Shaded fields delineate regions where the Fe -Mn and deep seawater data differ by >2Efjd units (after Albare(c)de and...

DeCarlo E. H. and Eraley C. M. (1992) Chemistry and mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series (eds. B. H. Keating and B. R. Bolton). Springer, NY, vol. 14, pp. 225-245. 

Mukhopadhyay R., Iyer S., and Ghosh A. (2002) The Indian Ocean nodule field petrotectonic evolution and ferromanganese deposits. Earth-Sci Rev. 60, 67-130. 

Burns R. G. and Brown B. (1972) Nucleation and miner-alogical controls on the composition of manganese nodules. In Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor (ed. D. R. Horn). Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observatory, New York, pp. 51-61. 

In addition to the above direct contributions of microoi anisms to the formation of ferromanganese nodules, several indirect contributions may also be possible, and may indeed be essential to the formation of extensive ferromanganese deposits, especially those highly enriched in trace metals other th2in iron and manganese. For example, the most extensive deposit of... 

Ehrlich, H.L., 1972. The role of microbes in manganese nodule genesis and degradation. In D.R. Horn (Editor), Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor. Proceedings of a conference held at Arden House in January 1972. NSF-IDOE, pp. 63—70. 

Greenslate, J., Frazer, J.Z. and Arrhenius, G., 1973. Origin and deposition of selected transition elements in the sea bed. In National Science Foundation, International Decade for Ocean Exploration (NSF-IDOE), Phase I report Inter-University program of research on ferromanganese deposits of the ocean floor, pp. 13—20. 

National Science Foundation, 1973. International Decade for Ocean Exploration. Interuniversity program of research on ferromanganese deposits on the ocean floor — Phase 1 Report, 385 pp. 

Chan, L.-H. and Hein, J.R., Lithium contents and isotopic compositions of ferromanganese deposits from the global ocean, Deep-Sea Res. II, 54, 1147, 2007. 

Aplin, A.C. and Cronan, D.S., 1985. Ferromanganese deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules and asso-ciated sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochmica Acta, 49 437-451. 

Fleet, A.J. 1983. Hydrothermal and hydrogenous ferromanganese deposits Do they form a continuum In Rona, P., Bostrom, K., Laubier, L. and Smith, K.L. (eds) Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers. NATO Conference Series, 12 535-555. 

Horn, D.R. (ed.), 1972. Ferromanganese deposits of the ocean floor. National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., 293 pp. 

Kusukabe, M. and Ku, T.L., 1984. Incorporation of Be isotopes and other trace metals into marine ferromanganese deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48 2187-2193. 

Lavasseur, S., Frank, M., Hein, J.R. and Halliday, A.N., 2004. The global variation in the iron isotope composition of marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits impliations for seawater chemistry Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224 91-105. 

---