Iron-manganese nodule

Chemogenic Volcanogenic Polygenic <10 >50 <10 Iron-manganese nodules, glauconite, phosphorite, nodules, phUlipsite, palagonite, celestobarite, and evaporites Pyroclastic material 38 Red clay... 

Iron-Manganese Nodules and Other Hydrogenous Minerals... 

Photograph showing a field of unusually closely spaced iron-manganese nodules on the seafloor. Courtesy of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA. 

Table 18.4 Average Percent Composition of Iron-Manganese Nodules from the Different Oceans.

Table 18.5 Deep-Sea Iron-Manganese Nodule Modes of Formation. ...

Concentration of (a) copper, (b) nickel, and (c) cobalt in iron-manganese nodules found on the seafloor. Source-. From Ross, D. A. (1982). Introduction to Oceanography, 3rd ed., Prentice Flail, pp. 411-412. Data from D. R. Florn, et al. (1972). Ferromanganese Deposits of the North Pacific, National Science Foundation, pp. 40-54. 

Chukhrov, F.V. Zvyagin, B.B. Gorshkov, A.I. Sivtsoy A.V. (1976 a) Mineralogical criteria in the origin of marine iron-manganese nodules. Mineralium Deposita 11 24-32... 

The diffusive boundary layer plays an important role for the exchange of solutes across the sediment-water interface (Jorgensen 2001). For chemical species which have a very steep gradient in the diffusive boimdaiy layer it may limit the flux and thereby the rate of chemical reaction. This may be the case for the precipitation of manganese on iron-manganese nodules (Boudreau 1988) or for the dissolution of carbonate shells and other minerals such as alabaster in the deep sea (Santschi et al. 1991). For chemical species with a... 

Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.A., Shterenberg, L.Ye., Sivtsov, A.V. and Sakharov, B.A., 1983. Mixed-layered asbolite-buserite minerals and asbolite in oceanic iron-manganese nodules. International Geological Review, 25 838-847. 

Johnson, C.E. and Glasby, G.P., 1969. Mossbauer Effect determination of particle size in microcrystalline iron-manganese nodules. Nature, 222 376-377. 

Rhoton FE, Bigham JM, Schulze DG (1993) Properties of iron-manganese nodules from a sequence of eroded fragipan soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57 1386-1392 Rimstidt JD (1997) Quartz solubility at low temperatures. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 2553-2558 Rimstidt JD, Barnes HL (1980) The kinetics of silica-water reactions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44 1683-... 

Considerable attention has been directed to Mossbauer spectra of iron-manganese nodules, which are marine mineral d osits with finegrained structure (36-41). 

Anonymous) (2013) CENSIN resources The future of iron-manganese nodules. http //www. censin.com/manganese-nodules-mines/. Downloaded 5 July 2013... 

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