Fern frond

Betulaceae, Salicaceae [bud excretion], ferns [frond], Lamiaceae [leaf], Datisca carmabina (Datiscaceae), Escallonia spp. (Saxifragaceae), Alpinia offcinarum (Zingiberaceae)... 

JA) to five sprigs of a plant that normally have no terpene smells, such as a fern frond. The five sprigs should be in five separate vessels ( vases ). There are two ways of treating a plant with JA systemic (in the water it takes up) and spraying it (dissolved in ethyl alcohol) on selected leaves. 

Stipe.— The stem of a moss the stalk of a fern frond the stalk of a toadstool or other fungus. 

We can also look for planes of symmetry in nature. The fern frond shown in Figure 1.3 looks perfectly normal at first glance. However, on close inspection it can be seen that the left side of the leaf is just a reflection of the right-hand side on the surface of a pond. The picture is shown with the water surface vertical, which enhances the illusion. From half the leaf and its reflected image we can easily imagine the complete structure. 

RACHis. Plural, rachides, or rachises. Axis bearing flowers or leaflets petiole of a fern frond... 

Isoforms similar to those reported in the leaves of angiosperms have been reported in unicellular (Florencio and Vega, 1983 Sumar et ai, 1984 Ahmad and Hellebust, 1987) and multicellular algae (Casselton et ai, 1986) and in fern fronds (Stewart et ai, 1986). Cell fractionation studies have shown GS activity to be in the chloroplasts and cytosol of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Fischer and Klein, 1988), suggesting that the algal isoforms separated by ion-exchange chromatography are indeed the chloroplastic and cytosolic forms of GS. 

Wollenweber, E. and Roitman, J.N., New frond exudate flavonoids from cheilanthoid ferns, Z. Naturforsch., 46c, 325, 1991. 

The farinose exudate of the frond of the fern Pityrogramma calomelanos (Adiantaceae) has been the source of complex flavonoids characterized by a novel Ce-Cs-Ce-Cs-Ce skeleton (Table 15.7). This group includes four flavanones, calomelanols G (238), H (239), I (240), and J (241) (Figure 15.10). In these compounds, a molecule of p-coumaric or cinnamic acid appears to be fused with the A-ring of the flavanone. Biosynthetic pathways for these complex flavanones and related flavones, chalcones, and dihydrochalcones in P. calomelanos and other Pityrogramma species have been proposed by the authors. 

Wollenweber (99) has reviewed the morphology and chemistry of these ferns which are prodigious producers of farina, representing 0.9%-5.0% of the dry weight of the fronds. Wollenweber reports that flavonolds are the major constituents of the farina. Chalcones (100-106) dlhydrochalcones (102, 103, 107, 108, 109), flavonols (102, 106, 108, 120-128), flavones Tl02,... 

Another illustration of the potential in harnessing plant life for soil remediation is the finding20 that the fern, Pier is vittata, when grown in soil containing 6 ppm arsenic, hyper-accumulated 755 ppm of this metalloid in its fronds in only two weeks. When Pier is vittata was grown in artificially contaminated soil (1500 ppm As), the fronds took in 15,861 ppm As in the same two-week time frame. Similarly, research in both the United States and the United Kingdom has demonstrated the potential of using plants from the family Brassicacae in the remediation of soils heavily contaminated with zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, and selenium.21... 

Spores from ferns and fern allies can be ideal sources for obtaining tissue of these plants. Although fronds and rhizomes are the most used, spores and their resulting gametophytes have also been used.12 The American Fern Society maintains a spore exchange program, and information can be obtained by consulting the Bulletin of the American Fern Society. 

Coleus amboinicus (Lamiaceae) [leaf surface], Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae), jYotholaena californica (fern) (Pteridophyta) [frond surface] Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) (Asteraceae)... 

Complete details of the extensive studies on the extraction, structural elucidation, and toxicity of the C14 and C15 indanone sesquiterpenoids isolated from the young fronds of bracken fern have been published.In total the structures of... 

G.L. Duan, et al., Characterization of arsenate reductase in the extract of roots and fronds of Chinese brake fern, an arsenic hyperaccumulator. Plant Physiol. 2005, 735(1), 461 169. 

Ptaquiloside is not the only illudane present in PteridiumThe clear chemical connection between ptaquiloside and pterosin B, carries within the suggestion that at least some of the myriad indanones that bracken synthesizes is the result of the biosynthetic progress from ptaquiloside-like precursors. Supporting evidence was drawn from the fact that ptaquiloside and pterosin B concentrations vary simultaneously with aging of the fronds [124,218], With this idea in mind, Castillo and coworkers pursued the search of additional illudanes in this fern. 

Some plants are able to accumulate exceedingly high concentrations of arsenic (in the order of 1% dry mass). Such arsenic hyperaccumulators were first reported in 1975 (126), and there have been several subsequent reports (127,128,118,119). Recent work has shown that arsenic-hyperaccumulating ferns store their high arsenic burden primarily in the fronds as arsenite (118,119). Arsenite is generally thought to be the most toxic of the arsenic species the physiological processes at play in the fern are of considerable interest. 

C17H18O5, Mr 302.33, needles, mp. 148-150°C, soluble in polar solvents. The dihydrostilbene N. is the main component of the whitish, flour-like covering on the leaf frond of two fern species of the genus Notho-laena. it influences photosynthetic activity of chloro-... 

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