Fermentation industry wastes

The fermentation wastes Corynebacterium glutamicum biomass) were obtained in a dried powder form from a lysine fermentation industry (BASF-Korea, Kunsan, Korea). The protonated biomass was prepared by treating the raw biomass with a 1 N HNO3 solution for 24 h, thereby replacing the natural mix of ionic species with protons. The resulting C glutamicum biomass was dried and stored in a desiccator and used as a biosorbent for the sorption experiments. 

Blaine, R.K. Van Lanen, J.H. Application of waste-to-product ratios in fermentation industries. Biotech. Bioeng. 1962, IV, 129-138. 

Many useful compounds such as amino acids, nucleic acids, alcohols, vitamins, antibiotics, foods, etc. are produced in fermentation industries. Furthermore, many organic and inorganic compounds are present in waste waters. The determination of these compounds is required for control of fermentation and environment. Analysis of these compounds can be done by spectrophotometric methods. However, complicated procedures and long reaction times are required. 

A bioreactor is a vessel in which biochemical transformation of reactants occurs by the action of biological agents such as organisms or in vitro cellular components such as enzymes. This type of reactor is widely used in food and fermentation industries, in waste treatment, and in many biomedical facilities. There are two broad categories of bioreactors fermentation and enzyme (cell-free) reactors. Depending on the process requirements (aerobic, anaerobic, solid state, immobilized), numerous subdivisions of this classification are possible (Moo-Young, 1986). 

Again, it is wise to note that hydrogen fermentation demands carbohydrate-rich substrate with high substrate concentration. From the perspective of environmental engineering, such characteristics of organic wastes practically only appear in some specific industrial waste streams, e.g., sugar factory wastewater (Ueno et al., 1996), rice winery wastewater (Yu et al, 2002), starch-manufacturing waste (Yokoi et al., 2002), molasses wastewater (Ren... 

Bubble column reactors (BCR) are widely used in chemical process industries to carry out gas-liquid and gas--liquid-solid reactions, the solid suspended in the liquid phase being most frequently a finely divided catalyst (slurry reactor). The main advantages of BCR are their simple construction, the absence of any moving parts, ease of maintenance, good mass transfer and excellent heat transfer properties. These favorable properties have lead to their application in various fields production of various chemical intermediates, petroleum engineering, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, fermentations and waste water treatment. 

About 70% of the current CH4 sources are anthropogenic, with roughly equal contributions from fossil fuel-related industries, waste management systems, and enteric fermentation associated with raising livestock (Table 5). Of the natural sources, wetlands are 70% of the total and therefore a major research focus. About 60% of natural wetland sources and most rice paddies occur in the tropical latitudes. Another 35% are in northern latitudes, and 10% are in mid-latitudes. The combined contribution of natural and managed wetlands to global CH4 emissions is —32% at present, and perhaps 70% of all sources before the industrial revolution (Lelieveld et al., 1998). Estuaries are <9% of ocean CH4 sources (Middelburg et al., 2002). 

Until recently, interest in the recycle process was limited to the treatment of high strength-low sohds industrial wastes such as meat packing wastes (1). Such systems encountered solids separation problems arising from buoyancy imparted by rising fermentation gas bubbles. Vacuum degasification has solved this problem, and hence the "anaerobic activated sludge process is feasible for industrial waste applications. 

The fermentation industry is divided into three main categories brewing, distilling, and wine manufacture. Each of these industries produces liquid waste with many common characteristics, such as high BODs and CODs, but differs in the concentration of the organic compounds such as tannins,... 

---