FEMA

In 1992 a large number of flavor materials were allowable on the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and EDA fists (Tables 4... 

Information courtesy of Flavor Knowledge Systems, Glenview, Illinois. FEMA and FDA Hstiugs. 

Acesulfame-K is a white crystalline powder having a long (six years or more) shelf life. It readily dissolves in water (270 g/L at 20°C). Like saccharin, acesulfame-K is stable to heat over a wide range of pH. At higher concentrations, there is a detectable bitter and metallic off-taste similar to saccharin. Use of the sodium salt of feruHc acid [437-98-4] (FEMA no. 3812) to reduce the bitter aftertaste of acesulfame-K has been described (64). The sweetness potency of acesulfame-K (100 to 200x, depending on the matching sucrose concentration) (63) is considered to be about half that of saccharin, which is about the same as that of aspartame. 

Lactisole [13794-15-5] the sodium salt of racemic 2(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid, is a sweet-taste inhibitor marketed by Domino Sugar. It was affirmed as a GRAS flavor (FEMA no. 3773). At a concentration of 100 to 150 ppm, lactisole strongly reduces or eliminates the sweet taste of a 10% sugar solution. This inhibition appears to be receptor-related because lactisole also inhibits the sweet taste of aspartame. The 5 -( —)-enantiomer [4276-74-8] (38), isolated from roasted coffee beans, is the active isomer the i -(+)-enantiomer is inert (127). 

Health and Safety. FEMA has examined cinnamaldehyde and estabhshed its GRAS status (No. 2286). The material has been used in some fragrance compositions, but RJEM (34) has noted its potential for sensiti2ation and limited the use in perfumes for skin contact at 1% in the formula. Eugenol and limonene have been used in conjunction with cinnamaldehyde as quenchers to neutrali2e the irritation reaction that some individuals have toward this aldehyde. 

Health and Safety. Cinnamyl alcohol has been evaluated by FEMA and given GRAS status (FEMA No. 2294). Two of its esters, cinnamyl cinnamate (FEMA No. 2298) and cinnamyl acetate (FEMA No. 2293), ate also used extensively in flavor and fragrance compositions. Cinnamyl alcohol has also been tested by RIFM (48) and found to be safe for use. There have been reported cases of irritation and several manufacturers market a desensitized alcohol for use in fragrance appHcations. 

Program created for DOT, EPA, and FEMA to aid emergency preparedness personnel in assessing the sequence and nature of events that may follow an accident. ARCHIE incorporates several estimation methods that may be used to assess the vapor discharge, fire, and explosion impacts associated with episodic discharges of hazardous materials. 

FEMA s database system for emergency response information for governments. For use in planning, training, and eventually real-time operational decision-making for all types of emergencies. 

Many additional hazards result from the hazardous reactivity of combinations of chemicals. The open literature contains numerous lists of the reactivity of different types of chemical combinations. Table 4.3 presents examples of combinations of compounds which are known to be reactive. More complete discussions and lists of highly energetic chemical interactions are found in CCPS (1995d, especially Table 2.14), Yoshida (1987), Medard (1989), FEMA (Appendix D, ca. 1989), and Bretherick (1995). 

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (ca. 1989). Handbook of Chemical Hazard Analysis Procedures. Washington, D. C. FEMA Publications Office. 

FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington DC. 

EPA, FEMA and DOT, 1987, Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis, Emergency Planning for Extremely Hazardous Substances, December. 

Kulla HG (1981) Aerobic bacterial degradation of azo dyes. In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds (Eds T Leisinger, AM Cook, R Hiitter, J Niiesch), pp. 387-399. FEMA Symposium 12. Academic Press, London. 

Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 1992. NEHRP Handbook for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. FEMA-172, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 49. 

Emergency Response to Terrorism-Job Aid. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance, and Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Fire Administration - National Fire Academy, FEMA/USFA (May) 2000,... 

United States Federal Emergency Management Agency, About Hazus, http //www.fema.gov/hazus/ab main.htm, June 26,2002, . 

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