Fecal coliforms

Fecal Goliforms. Eecal coliforms are those originating from the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Eecal coliforms can be deterrnined by a multiple-tube procedure, which must be appHed to a positive presumptive test for optimum recovery of fecal coliforms (20). Incubation must be at 44.5 0.2°C for 24 2 h. Gas production during incubation is positive evidence of fecal coliform poUution. 

A membrane filter technique can also be used to determine the presence of fecal coliforms, and this procedure is said to be 93% accurate (20). A sample is passed through a membrane filter, and this filter is placed in a petri dish containing an enriched lactose medium. The dishes are incubated at... 

Total Conforms (including fecal coliform and E. Coll) 0 5.0% Used as an indicator that other potentially harmful bacteria may be present Coliforms are naturally present in the environment fecal coliforms and E. coli come from human and animal fecal waste. 

No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month, (For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive). Every sample that has total coliforms must be analyzed for fecal coliforms. There may not be any fecal coliforms or E. coli. Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes (pathogens) in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems. 

A fairly low dose of ultraviolet light can kill 99 percent of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus. 

Coliform criteria for body-contact water use and recreational use have been established by most states. Upper limits of 200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml and 2,000 total coliforms per 100 ml have been established. These values are only... 

The water analysis is incomplete unless the number of coliform bacteria present is determined as well. A multiple-tube fermentation technique can be used to enumerate positive presumptive, confirmed, and fecal coliform tests. Results of the tests are expressed in terms of the most probable number (MPN). That is, the count is based on a statistical analysis of sets of tubes in a series of serial dilutions. MPN is related to a sample volume of 100 ml. Thus, an MPN of 10 means 10 coliforms per 100 ml of water. 

Vandenberg JA, Ryan MC, Nuell DD, Chu A (2005) Field evaluation of mixing length and attenuation of nutrients and fecal coliform in a wastewater effluent plume. Environ Monit Assess 107 45-57... 

Crabill C, Donald R, Snelling J, Foust R and Southam G (1998), The impact of sediment fecal coliform reservoirs on seasonal water quality in Oak Creek Arizona , Water Research, 33, 2163-2171. 

Geldreich E E, Kenner B A and Kabler P W (1964), The occurrence of coliforms, fecal coliforms and streptococci on vegetation and insects , Applied Microbiology, 12, 63-... 

Fearragillin, registered for use in aquaculture in Europe, 3 220t Feather meal, 10 856 Fe-base superalloys, 13 503 Fecal coliform analysis, of water, 26 45—46 Fe-complexed dyes, 9 446—447. See also Iron entries... 

The results obtained show how the most efficient treatment in reducing the microbiological count is aeration, followed by agitation, as far as reduction of fecal coliforms is concerned, and also show that there is a direct link with seasonal conditions, i.e. temperature. 

Pathak SP, Gopal K (2008) Prevalence of bacterial contamination with antibiotic-resistant and enterotoxigenic fecal coliforms in treated drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71(7) 427 33... 

This interpretation is consistent with that of Sladek et.ai. who found both that the primary determinant of fecal coliform growth on a membrane filter was the size of the pores adjacent to the feed and that their optimum size was approximately 2.4 pM (8). Sladek s study resulted in the development of a commercial moderately anisotropic membrane with optimum feed surface pores, but with fine surface pores of 0.7 uM The ability of such a large pored membrane to retain all bacteria... 

Table 3. Tetracycline Resistance in Fecal Coliforms of Pigs in Antibiotic-free Herd (No Antibiotics Since 1972)...

Average number of antibacterials to which fecal coliforms were resistant ... 

Coliform bacteria are common microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and in the soil and plants. The intestinal type is known as fecal coliform bacteria, while the most common type of soil and plant coliform bacteria is the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes. Fecal coliform bacteria are easy to test for, and they are present in water at any given time and place in much larger numbers than are pathogens. If large numbers of fecal coliform bacteria are present in a sample of water, it is likely that pathogens are present as well. 

In the test for fecal coliform bacteria, a sample of water is incubated at 112°F (44.5°C) for about 24 hours. Ifbacteria are present, the person conducting the test counts the number of colonies formed or looks for carbon dioxide gas in the incubation tube. This test is specific for fecal coliforms because they are members of a group of coliform bacteria known as thermotolerant that survive at temperatures of 112°F (44.5°C) or more other types of coliforms do not. 

Selvaratnam S. and J.D. Kunberger (2004). Increased frequency of drug-resistant bacteria and fecal coliforms in an Indiana Creek adjacent to farmland amended with treated sludge. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50 653-656. 

---