Bacteria, drug resistant

Gentamicin and tobramycin are equally effective. Tobramycin has slightly better MICs to Pseudomonas. Amikacin generally is reserved for multi-drug resistant bacteria. Typically used as a short course of therapy followed by a switch to an oral agent. 

Chitnis V, Chitnis D, Patil S, Kant R (2000) Hospital effluent as a source of multiple drug-resistant bacteria. Curr Sci India 79 989-991... 

In its report ( 3) issued in 1972, the Task Force acknowledged the potential human and animal health hazard of drug resistant bacteria and made a number of recommendations. In addition to basic research to better understand the nature of the problem, the Task Force recommended that restrictions be placed on the use of antibacterial agents in feeds which fail to meet guidelines established by the Task Force in regard to safety and/or efficacy. Agents that do not meet these standards would be prohibited from growth promotion and any subtherapeutic use in animals but could continue to be used at therapeutic levels for short-term treatment on the order of licensed veterinarians. 

Continued unrestricted subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed increases the pool of drug-resistant bacteria in our environment. Moreover, the prospect of pathogens becoming drug resistant is, as FDA believes, a real threat to human health. 

Resistance Prescribing tigecycline in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. 

Drug resistance To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the efficacy of nitrofurantoin and other antibacterial drugs, only use nitrofurantoin to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. 

Because of the ultimate importance of vancomycin in the treatment of often fatal infections caused by multiple-resistant bacteria, extensive efforts have been directed toward the discovery of vancomycin derivatives with activity against these drug-resistant bacteria [89]. As a result of these efforts, several derivatives such as 41 (LY264826) have been found to be up to 500 times more effective than vancomycin itself. The most notable difference is the presence of another... 

Davies J. and C.E. Amabile-Cuevas (2003). The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance. In C.F. Amabile-Cuevas (Ed.). Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK, pp. 1-7. 

Selvaratnam S. and J.D. Kunberger (2004). Increased frequency of drug-resistant bacteria and fecal coliforms in an Indiana Creek adjacent to farmland amended with treated sludge. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50 653-656. 

D-Apiose can be isolated from parsley and is a component of the cell wall polysaccharide of various marine plants. Among its novel structural features is the presence of only a single chirality center. L-Vancosamine is but one portion of vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic that has emerged as one of only a few antibiotics that are effective against drug-resistant bacteria. L-Vancosamine is not only a branched-chain carbohydrate, it is a deoxy sugar and an amino sugar as well. 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also placed severe restrictions on the use of some classes of antibacterial drugs (5) because of concerns about drug-resistant bacteria (6). 

Antibacterials Soap and water are just as good as the antibacterial agents that create drug-resistant bacteria that are found in these cleansers and other cosmetic products. 

Employing the USP Preservative Rapid Challenge Test with a composition of the present invention comprising 10 ppm silver in water, the following results were obtained. These results show that silver compositions of the present invention can be effective against yeast infections, protozoa infections, and drug resistant bacteria infections. 

Vancomycin is well-known as the last line of defense against drug-resistant bacteria. Nic-olaou and his group reported a Suzuki coupling approach to the AB-COD bicyclic system of vancomycin [34]. The total synthesis of the vancomycin aglycon was subsequently reported by the same workers [35]. 

Drug-resistant bacteria inactivate /3-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing the amide linkage of the lactam ring. Augmentin consists of a /3-lactam antibiotic (amoxicillin) and potassium clavulanate, a compound that blocks the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis. This combination enables the amoxicillin to avoid being deactivated by the enzyme. 

A major problem with antibiotics is that their overuse and improper use have led to the development of drug resistant bacteria and thus an increased number of infections with opportunistic bacteria, such as enterococci, coli-forms, pseudomonads, streptococci which are versatile and capable of becoming multidrug resistant. With this background, it may be said that searching for newer antimicrobial substances would be a promising line of research in the field of clinical microbiology. 

Shnayerson, Michael, and Mark J. Plotkin. The Killers Within The Deadly Rise of Drug Resistant Bacteria. New York Little Brown Company, 2002. 

The spectinomycins (O Fig. 20) have a fused three-ring system which consists of a 4,5-disub-stituted actinamine and an ulose. Spectinomycin is produced by Streptomyces spectabilis and Streptomyces flavopersius. It has been clinically used for treatment of the gonorrhea infection. A related structure has been discovered with spenolimycin which was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces gilvospiralis. Efforts have been directed toward semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant bacteria [94]. 

---