Fault control

Keller, B., Hoylmass, E., and Chadbourne, J., 1987, Fault Controlled Hydrology at a Waste Pile Ground Water Monitoring Review, Spring, pp. 60-63. 

Setterfield, T.N., Hodder, R.W., Gibson, H.L., Watkins, J.J. 1995, The McDougall-Despina Fault Set, Noranda, Quebec Evidence for fault-controlled volcanism and hydrothermal fluid flow. Exploration and Mining Geology, 4, 381-393. 

The Pinguino veins, occupy more than 30 fault controlled structures. They have a NW and ENE strike and are hosted in Triassic continental sedimentary rocks and lower Jurassic epiclastic and volcaniclastic rocks, and are spatially related to lower Jurassic subvolcanic dioritic intrusions, basaltic sills and andesitic porphyries (Jovic etal. 2005). 

The Tongshan lindgrenite skam deposit lies on the northern margin of the Ning-Zheng Dome folded zone. The ore bodies are fault-controlled along the contact between... 

The Angel Field is located at the northern end of the NE-SW-oriented Madeleine Trend in the Dampier sub-basin, which forms part of the Silurian to Holocene Carnarvon basin, offshore Western Australia (Fig IB). The Madeleine Trend is a major fault-controlled anticlinal feature that follows the main depositional axis of the Dampier subbasin and along which several other oilfields are located, including the nearby Cossack and Wanaea Fields (Fig. IB). The stratigraphy of the Dampier sub-basin consists of marine and deltaic elastics and Tertiary carbonates (Fig. 3). 

Crustal thinning by extensional tectonics, causing fault-controlled subsidence (e.g. rift basins like the North Sea, and strike-slip basins as formed along the San Andreas fault zone). 

Fig. 8. Movement on a fault plane may result in juxtaposition of high and low permeability sandstones, or reconnection of two high poroperm sandstones, previously disconnected. Conversely microfabric rearrangements of clay minerals, grain breakage and fault gouge formation may reduce the relative permeability for oil versus water across and in the fault zone. Burial-induced diagenesis in the fault zone, as in the deeper parts of Halten Vest, will eventually reduce/constrain/disrupt fluid flow (flux) communication and induce regional fault controlled pressure cells (cf. Figs la 5).

Level-one fracture, controlling basin fault , controls the deposition and allocation of petroliferous basins, and cut through basement. The faults have a long evolutionary history, hundreds of kilometers of extended length with up to ten thousand meters gap, such as Tan-Lu fault in Bohai Bay Basin. There is no Level-one fracture in this area. 

Level-two fracture, controlling depression fault , controls the deposition and allocation of the depression (sag) and uplift. The faults extend length of about ten kilometers with up to 200-1000 meters gap. There are Changdi fault and Gudong fault in this area. They control the formation of Changdi buried hiU and the migration and accumulation of petroleum and gas. 

A complete lEC 61508 assessment includes a FMEDA, a study of Prior Use and adds an assessment of all fault avoidance and fault control measures during hardware and software development as well as detail study of the testing, modification, user documentation and manufacturing processes. The objective of all this effort is to provide a high level of assurance that an instrument has sufficient quality and integrity for a safety instrumented system application. This is clearly more important for products containing software as many end users have the strong opinion that software is "bad... 

Many of the requirements of lEC 61508 focus on the elimination of systematic faults. In order to demonstrate compliance with all requirements of lEC 61508, the design and development process used to create an instrument must show extensive use of many techniques for "fault control" and "fault avoidance." The lEC 61508 standard defines a set of practices that represent good software and hardware engineering. Most experts believe that these methods are the best techniques available to provide high design quality. 

Temperature at top < design instrument fault/control temperature too low/[low boilup] see Section 3.3. 

Local fault (Control-Rod Withdrawal Accident scenario)... 

A system can be divided into any subsystems but according to ISO 26262 the systems have to be hierarchically stmctured. In regards to systems, which together should realize functions with a higher ASIL, a clear hierarchical structure of systems has to be defined due to multiple fault control. 

IEC-61508 based safety critical embedded systems must be developed with a safety life-cycle that aims to reduce the probability of systematic errors and ensure that sufficient fault avoidance and fault control techniques are implemented. Regarding temporal independence, this means that independence needs... 

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