Fatty acids adaptation

Increase blood glucose and fatty acids adaptation to stress... 

F%. 15. Plot on the discriminant functions of LDA. 3 categories (white rice, red rice, rainy rice). 12 variables (total lipids, rough proteins, fatty acids). (Adapted from Ref. )... 

Figure 11 Membrane reactor for the production of fatty acids. (Adapted from Ref. 31.)... 

Figure 2. Possible products of hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid (adapted from deMan, 1990).

Table 4. Fatty acid composition of corn as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (expressed as percentage of the total fatty acids) (adapted from Codex Alimentarius)...

Figure 10.12. Ejection pressure of polyetherim-ide part vs. concentration of release agent based on fatty acid. [Adapted, by permission, from Sanner, M. A., Soc. Plast. Eng., Inc., Antec, Conf. Proc., 1858-62,2003.]...

A molecular variation of plasma membrane has been reported by Puccia et al. Reduction of total lipids (XL) content and significant variations of triglyceride (TG) and phospholipids (PL) fractions were observed as a consequence of exposure of C. intestinalis ovaries to TBTCl solutions. In particular, an evident TG decrease and a PL increase were observed, which probably provoked an increment in membrane fluidity, because of the high concentration of long chain fatty acids and, as a consequence, PL. This could be a cell-adaptive standing mechanism toward the pollutants, as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also the increase in the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUPA), important in the synthesis of compounds such as prostaglandin which are present in the ovary in a stress situation, was probably a consequence of a defense mechanism to the stress provoked by the presence of TBTCl. 

A shift in temperature from 38 to 22 °C leads to desaturation of fatty acids in Anabaena variabilis [110], resulting in control of the fluidity of the plasma membrane. Mutants have been isolated in Synechocystis PCC 6803 that were defective in desaturation of fatty acids, and the growth rate of one of these mutants was much lower than that of the wild-type at 22 °C [112]. It turned out that the mutant strain had a mutation in the gene desA, and when the wild-type allele was introduced into the chilling-sensitive cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans, it resulted in increasing the tolerance of that strain to low temperature [113]. These experiments nicely demonstrate the existence of a mechanism of adaptation to low temperature in a chilling-tolerant cyanobacterium. 

The nature of the diet sets the basic pattern of metabohsm. There is a need to process the products of digestion of dietary carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. These are mainly glucose, fatty acids and glycerol, and amino acids, respectively. In ruminants (and to a lesser extent in other herbivores), dietary cellulose is fermented by symbiotic microorganisms to short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric), and metabohsm in these animals is adapted to use these fatty acids as major substrates. All the products of digestion are metabohzed to a common product, acetyl-CoA, which is then oxidized by the citric acid cycle (Figure 15-1). 

The Fatty Acid Synthase Complex Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Are Adaptive Enzymes... 

Aeckersberg F, FA Rainey, F Widdel (1998) Growth, natural relationships, cellular fatty acids and metabolic adaptation of sulfate-reducing bacteria that utilize long-chain alkanes under anoxic conditions. Arch Microbiol 170 361-369. 

Hartig C, N Loffhagen, H Harms (2005) Formation of trans fatty acids is not involved in growth-linked membrane adaptation of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 1915-1922. 

Problems resembling the first example, but much more complex, are often studied in industry. For instance in the agro-food industry linear programming is a current tool to optimize the blending of raw materials (e.g. oils) in order to obtain the wanted composition (amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) or property of the final product at the best possible price. Here linear programming is repeatedly applied each time when the price of raw materials is adapted by changing markets. 

Table 1. Fatty acids with one or more additional functional groups that have been reported as components of cutin or suberin3. Adapted from [16]...

Prepare microsomes from borage seeds, lipid extraction, and fatty acid analysis according to Galle et al. (31). Protocol adapted from ref. (31). 

Table 11.3 Fatty acids found in animal depot fats (adapted from deMan, 1990 41).

Table 11.4 Averaged composition of the major fatty acids in bovine milk fat (adapted from Jensen, 2000 297).

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Fig. 12.1 Conversion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) methyl oleate ( ) and methyl elaidate ( ) vs. reaction time over Ti-MCM-41 (a) and overTi-Si02 (b). (Adapted from [49]).

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