Fatty-acid soaps esters

Industrially, the ethanolamines are important because they form numerous derivatives, notably with fatty acids, soaps, esters, amides, and... 

Filtration through an acidic filter aid or siUca removes the last traces of soap from the oil. The finished oil is heated under vacuum to remove small amounts of fatty acid methyl esters. 

Reaction with Fatty Acids and Esters. Alkanolamines and long-chain fatty acids react at room temperature to give neutral alkanolamine soaps, which are waxy, noncrystaUine materials with widespread commercial appHcations as emulsifiers. At elevated temperatures, 140 —160°C, A/-aIkanolamides are the main products, at a 1 1 reaction ratio (7,8). 

A soap-based powder can be produced in combination with ester sulfonates. Thirty-five percent of a sodium soap mixture (5% lauric acid, 5% myristic acid, 52% palmitic acid, 21% stearic acid, 12% oleic acid, and 5% linoleic acid) is mixed with 15% sodium a-sulfo palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 3% lauric acid ethoxylate, 5% sodium silicate, 17% sodium carbonate, 20% Na2S04- 10H2O, and 5% water [79]. 

A detergent, imparting better flexibility to cotton cloth is produced by adding 1% sodium a-sulfo hardened tallow fatty acid methyl ester and 9% disodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid to a mixture of 5% sodium n-dodecyl-benzenesulfonate, 5% a-C16-olefmsulfonate, 3% dimethyldistearylammonium chloride, 15% zeolite, 10% sodium silicate, 10% sodium carbonate, 2% soap, 35% Na2S04-7H20, and 5% water [84],... 

Fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters are probably the most important basic oleochemicals in the oleochemical industry. Fatty acids are used as starting materials for soaps, medium-chain triglycerides, polyol esters, alkanolamides, and many more. 

Water-in-oil emulsions traditionally contain surfactants of natural origin such as cholesterol, wool fat, wool alcohols, lanolin, divalent salts of fatty acids soaps, calcium oleate and/or synthetic agents of low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (indicating high lipophilicity), such as Spans (fatty acid esters of sorbi-tan). An example of such a product is Oily Cream B.P. which consists of a 1 1 mixture of wool alcohols and water. 

The ester bonds in fats and oils can be hydrolyzed in the presence of base to produce soaps which are the sodium salts of fatty acids. Soap making is an ancient process which has changed little over millenia. 

Fatty acids, soaps and fatty acid methyl esters are the most extensively used oleochemicals [13]. The free fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of oils and fats by alkalis. This procedure named saponification proceeds at high temperature and pressure and leads to crude soaps the acidification of which gives fatty acids. They are subjected to various purification procedures, and finally isolated individually or as mixtures of carboxylic acids of the general formula RCOOH or as soaps RCOOM. The carboxylic acid methyl esters can be produced in two ways by esterification of the isolated carboxylic acid with methanol or by low-temperature... 

Other Chemical Methods These methods rely chiefly on destroying the foam stabilizer or neutralizing its effect through methods other than displacement and are applicable when the process will permit changing the chemical environment. Forms stabilized with alkali esters can be broken by acidification since the equivalent free acids do not stabilize foam. Foams containing sulfated and sulfonated ionic detergents can be broken with the addition of fatty-acid soaps and calcium salts. Several theories have been proposed. One su ests that the surfactant is tied up in the foam as double calcium salts of both the sulfonate and the soap. Another suggests that calcium soaps oriented in the film render it inelastic. 

The catalyst used is sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol. Water is formed in the course of alcoxide formation. In the presence of water, the sodium hydroxide present reacts very quickly with fatty acid methyl esters to form sodium soaps. Under these conditions, the soaps formed are not effective catalysts. 

The hydrophilic component of these molecules is a carboxylic group, as is the case in the soap molecule. In general, an aceto- or propiocarboxylic group is attached to the polyoxyethylene chain by an ether bond. The free alkylcarboxylic acids can be prepared from salts such as fatty acid soaps. In contrast to alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl ether carboxylates contain no ester bonds and therefore they are not susceptible to hydrolysis. 

Two bacterial strains. Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-14682 and Pseudomonas corrugata 388 were employed to convert the co-product stream resulting from soy-based biodiesel production (CSBP), which contained glycerol, FFA soaps and residual fatty acid methyl esters... 

Cationic and nonionic surfactants are not very common for bar products. However, they can be used at very low levels for certain functional properties. Anionic and amphoteric surfactants are more cost-effective, and have balanced mildness with excellent lathering properties. Some of the nonionic surfactants such as sugar esters and amphoacetates have very good mildness and lathering properties, but are not cost-effective. These surfactants are suitable mainly for liquid products. In combination with fatty acid soaps, SCI, suUbsuccinate, AGES, AOS, and CMGS have been used as surfactants in syndet and combars. 

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