Fasting state, continued

The United States continued fast-breeder reactor research and development with the building of the fast flux test faciHty (FFTF) at Hanford and the SEFOR reactor in Arkansas (59). The next plaimed step was to build a prototype power reactor, the Clinch River fast-breeder plant (CRFBP), which was to be located near Oak Ridge, Teimessee. 

In a laboratory environment, plasma is generated by combustion, flames, electric discharge, controlled nuclear reactions, shocks etc. Because a plasma loses energy to its environment mainly by radiation and conduction to walls, the energy must be supplied as fast as it is lost in order to maintain the plasma state. Of the various means of maintaining the plasma state continuously for a relatively long period of... 

In studies of animals it hccomcs technically difficult to make observations under standard conditions which include rest. Restraining an animal increases the metabolic rate and inactivation through anesthesia lowers ii ruminants and other plani eaters cannot he brought into a fasting state unless they are deprived of food for prolonged periods of time small animals (c.g., shrews) have such high metabolic rates that they must cat almost continuously lo sustain a normal metabolic rale, clc. 

Di Abietes has a ketoacidosis. When the amount of insulin she injects is inadequate, she remains in a condition similar to a fasting state even though she ingests food (see Chapters 2 and 3). Her liver continues to metabolize fatty acids to the ketone bodies acetoacetic acid and p-hydroxy-butyric acid. These compounds are weak acids that dissociate to produce anions (ace-toacetate and p-hydroxybutyrate, respectively) and hydrogen ions, thereby lowering her blood and cellular pH below the normal range. 

The fasting state provides an example of the interorgan flux of amino acids necessary to maintain the free amino acid pool in the blood and supply tissues with their required amino acids (Fig. 42.3). During an overnight fast, protein synthesis in the liver and other tissues continues, but at a diminished rate compared with the... 

Based on slow reactions Stat methods Steady-state methods Based on fast reactions Continuous-addition-of-reagent methods Relaxation methods Pulse methods... 

When rainbow trout have been denied food for 6 days, meals bring about a post-prandial surge in protein synthesis in all the tissues (McMillan and Houlihan 1988). The time course of the protein synthesis response appears to be tissue-specific. Tissue protein synthesis rates in the ventricle and red and white muscle exhibited a graded response where a single meal resulted in synthesis rates lying between the fasted and continually fed states. The gill, stomach and intestine responded with a rapid rise within 3 h to the levels found in continually fed fish and this stimulation was maintained. The liver demonstrated a transient increase in protein synthesis which reached a peak at 3 h, which subsequently declined. Subsequent analysis has revealed that the peak found in the liver occurred within 1 h of the meal (McMillan and Houlihan 1989). A stimulation of muscle protein synthesis has been found in salmon 9 h after feeding (Fauconneau et al. 1989). 

For dynamic systems with very fast state transitions in some components, e.g. caused by an abrupt fault, it is appropriate to model these state transitions as discrete events. That is, besides time continuous changes also discrete changes happen. In other words, there are a number of system modes and discrete changes... 

By contrast, if the intake of metabolic fuels is greater than is required to meet energy expenditure, the body will spend more time in the fed state than the fasting state there will be more accumulation of nutrient reserves than utilization. The result of this is an increase in body size, and especially an increase in adipose tissue stores. If continued for long enough, this will result in overweight or obesity, with potentially serious health consequences — see Chapter 6. 

An adult has a requirement for a dietary intake of protein because there is continual oxidation of amino acids as a source of metabolic fuel and for gluconeogenesis in the fasting state. In the fed state, amino acids in excess of immediate requirements for protein synthesis are oxidized. Overall, for an adult in nitrogen balance, the total amount of amino acids being metabolized will be equal to the total intake of amino acids in dietary proteins. 

The acidosis was treated by intravenous infusion of bicarbonate, and he recovered consciousness. Over the next few days he continued to show signs of acidosis (rapid respiration), and even after a meal he showed ketonuria. His plasma lactate, pyruvate and ketones remained high plasma glucose was in the low normal range and his plasma insulin was normal both in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load. 

The low cost of sulfur dyes, coupled with good fastness properties and the ease of appHcation, continues to ensure a high consumption. The number of manufacturers has fallen since the 1960s and production is mainly confined to the United States, U.K., Germany, and Spain. There is one principal producer in each of these countries. There are other, less well-known manufacturers in Russia, the People s RepubHc of China, South Korea, Japan, and Bra2il (Table 7). 

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