Family stressors

Klinnert, M., Mrazek, P. and Mrazek, D., Early asthma onset The interaction between family stressors and adaptive parenting. Psychiatry Interpersonal and Biological Processes 57(1), 51-61, 1994. 

Let us examine how this interpretation fits with the biometric data. If the taxon simply reflects a transient reaction, it does not necessarily have to show strong associations with stable predispositions, such as inherited characteristics. However, it should covary with the presence of dissociation-provoking stressors, and adverse family environment is perhaps one of them. This account may or may not be able to explain the seeming inconsistency between the stability and biometric data. The issue needs to be explored in future studies, but it certainly highlights the importance of a thorough construct validation for newly discovered taxa. 

If the client consents to involvement of family or friends, they can be good sources for information that can help you devise a thoughtful treatment plan. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, people with drug problems may have relationship stressors that need to be addressed in order to promote a successful treatment outcome. Being able to gather information from partners or friends about the nature of these stressors adds another dimension to understanding the source and treatment for the problems. Sometimes a family member or friend has a different view on the nature of a problem or on the behavior pattern related to a problem that may help you better understand how to treat it. 

Family involvement can be quite helpful in the relapse prevention effort. One potentially useful strategy is for families to make efforts to reduce relationship stressors. These efforts will likely require couples or family therapy, which ideally will improve communication within the family system and potentially reduce friction. In addition, family members may learn to reduce any negatively expressed emotions toward the client. Family and couples therapy would be highly recommended if those stressors represent a high-risk situation for the client in question and if the family members or partner are supportive of the client s efforts toward recovery. 

Individual characteristics can determine how a person reacts to a trauma and thereby contribute to the risk for developing PTSD. These include neurosis, limited social support, a family history of an anxiety disorder, and a personal history of previous significant stressors, particularly childhood sexual or physical abuse. 

Roe, 1953 Wuthnow, 1985 Zuckerman, 1977). Overall, African Americans are less likely than whites to evaluate their marriages as positive. Significant black/white differences in marital stability may also be explained by differences in levels of education and income (Jaynes Williams, 1989). However, Murry et al. (2001, p. 916) emphasize that one source of stress that is unique to the African American experience is racial discrimination. They assert that exposure to chronic racial discrimination actually amplifies other stressors on the African American families. 

Additional information from the parent(s) or primary care taker(s) should include the child s medical and developmental history and the family s history of mental disorders and stressors. Reports of the direct observation of the youngster s behavior from the parent(s) or primary caretaker(s), school personnel, and others who have had contact with the child can help guide the definition of the most pressing target symptoms. 

At that time, important material could include the patient s diagnosis, family problems, stressors, previous mental health history, or therapeutic relationships. As clinicians, however, we prided ourselves on not being wedded to one particular model, theory, or treatment protocol. We were open to almost all material, as long as it pertained to the patient s psychological or social experiences. 

Mrs. J has been coming to see Ms. T, a family therapist, for treatment of depression for the last 6 weeks. Ms. T understands the current life stressors that Mrs. J faces. She also knows that Mrs. J has struggled with depression on and off for many years and that Mrs. J s mother also struggled with depression. Ms. T has come to believe that Mrs. J might benefit from medication and wants to send her for a medication consultation. 

What are the effects of the member s illness on the family The more the family is affected by stressors such as financial costs, time demands, or the patient s inability to contribute to family tasks, the more the family members might want to influence medication decisions. 

In very similar ways, in numerous studies the biochemistry of people with reactive depressions has been shown to be markedly altered. For example, emotionally healthy individuals without a personal or family history of depression who encounter major psychosocial stressors (especially losses) often become depressed. Presumably such people are not especially at risk (biologically or psychologically) for depression, but nonetheless they become depressed in response to significant stressful events. Further, in the course of their reaction, some patients develop not... 

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins expressed in almost all organisms from prokaryotes to humans. HSPs were originally described about four decades ago as proteins that were induced in the Drosophila melanogaster in response to a heat stress and hence derive the name HSR However, research over the years has uncovered these proteins to have a multitude of functions. Primarily, all HSPs act as molecular chaperons and assist in proper folding of naive proteins. Furthermore, HSPs have important roles in cellular processes including cell survival, inflammation, immunity, ion channel repair, and others. HSPs are also induced by a variety of stressors. Reactive oxygen species, cytotoxic injury, necrosis, ultraviolet radiation, metals, and many others are some examples. 

HSPs as cellular markers of stress HSPs are involved in various aspects of cellular function and a lot is being learnt about its role in normal and pathological states. Recent studies from lower animals, especially fish, have revealed the potential use of induced fish HSPs as a biomarker of exposure to environmental stressors. Industrial effluents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals such as copper, zinc, mercury, pesticides, etc. have shown to induce HSP in fish. Further, the HSP response may vary with the stressor, tissue, species of fish, and the family of HSP studied. Hence it appears that a more extensive and probably a high-throughput profiling (using genomic and pro-teomic) approaches may be necessary to identify patterns of HSP modulation by various stressors. 

Ursano, R.J., H.C. Holloway, D.R. Jones, A.R. Rodriguez and G.L. Belenky. 1989. Psychiatric care in the military community family and military stressors. Hasp Community Psychiatry 40(12) 1284-9. 

Individual differences in patient response have been either proposed or identified, which may be clinically useful predictors of response. Acute onset and short duration of illness, presence of acute stressors or precipitating factors, later age of onset, family history of affective illness, and good premorbid adjustment as reflected in stable interpersonal relationships or employment are all predictors of good response. ... 

Evaluation of patients with a complaint of short-term or transient insomnia should focus on recent stressors, such as a separation, a death in the family, a job change, or college exams. Another common cause is jet lag. These individuals often develop situational anxiety based on fear of not being able to fall asleep. Environmental cues such as alarm clocks may also cause situational anxiety. ... 

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