Failure pipeline failures

Port Hudson, Missouri, USA Vapor Cioud Expiosion after Propane Pipeline Failure... 

Pipeline Reliability An Investigation of Petroleum and Natural Data on frequency and cause of pipeline failures Data is specific to submarine and cross-country 49. 

Pipeline Failure Characteristics and Analysis of Pipeline Failure Rates Gas oil and natural gas pipelines ... 

The development of soil corrosivity assessment techniques has largely been due to the pipeline industry s requirements for better corrosion risk assessment and the reduction of pipeline failures. Corrosion in soil is a complex process and over the years several parameters have been identified as having a significant effect on the corrosion rate in a given soil. 

Pipeline failure released combustible gases resulting in UCVE which impacted utility services, pipelines, and started other fires. 

Gouges, grooves, and notches have been found to be an important cause of pipeline failures, and all harmful defects of this nature must be prevented, eliminated, or repaired. Precautions shall be taken during manufacture, hauling, and installation to prevent the gouging or grooving of pipe. 

Texas, USA 1965 Propylene Pipeline failure in polypropylene polymerization plant caused 3M damage in an explosion and fire FB CVE... 

A liquid release offers the potential for the formation of an aerosol (mist). Aerosol formation is influenced by mechanical force (acceleration) and fluid properties, such as the material s surface tension. Additionally, in some systems the pressure, because of static head, may be adequate to cause some aerosol formation and must be considered. Examples of liquid releases include an accidentally opened storage tank drain valve, a pipeline failure downstream of a pump, a damaged nozzle at the base of a liquid knockout drum, or the failure of a loading hose. 

F. Paredes and W. W. Mize. Unusual Pipeline Failures Traced to Hydrogen Blisters. Oil and Gas Journal 52(12) 99 (1954). 

Historical experience with pipeline failures reveals that the two single most common causes for failures are outside forces and corrosion. There are variations in individual systems. Accordingly, a significant part of the effort in achieving better pipeline safety is corrosion control and damage prevention directed at outside forces. The other causes of pipeline failure, individually, contribute to a much smaller proportion of pipeline incidents, but they are still addressed because their aggregate contribution matters. 

The safety consequences of a pipeline failure depend on the product carried, pressure, diameter, time to shut off, distance between isolation points, and proximity to persons who could be affected. Historically, most of the harm from accidents has been to workers near the line. Some notable incidents have involved the public. 

Corrosion-induced pipeline failures can result in the following ... 

Low-pressure gas distribution pipeline failures result in leaks that undetected might ignite and cause an explosion. The number of leaks because of corrosion was mains... 

J.S. Mandke, Corrosion causes most pipeline failures in Gulf of Mexico, Oil GasJ. 29 (1990) 40-44. 

Corrosion of most common engineering materials at near-ambient temperatures occurs in aqueous (water-containing) environments and is electrochemical in nature. The aqueous environment is also referred to as the electrolyte, and, in the case of underground corrosion, it is moist soil. Corrosion is a common form of structure degradation that reduces both the static and cyclic strength of a pipeline. There is always the chance that pipelines could leak or rupture, and a pipeline failure can cause serious human, environmental, and financial losses [3-5]. 

Fig. 10.47 Potential event sequences after pipeline failure with indication of their expected frequencies of occurrence and conditional probabilities for the occurrence of the different conceivable phenomena...

Repair of underwater pipelines. Failures of underwater pipelines are observed most often because of damage by ships or anchors. In rivers with strong currents, scours may appear beneath pipelines the pipelines sag, and as a result of the vibration and stresses generated, cracks may appear, most often observed in the weld area. The pipe... 

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