Equilibrium factors affecting

Chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate of reaction and factors affecting the rate, and chemical thermodynamics is concerned with the position of equilibrium and factors affecting equilibrium. 

The main reaction is the neutralization with ammonia, which is the major reactant. In case of thermodynamic equilibrium temperature and partial pressure of H2O, NHs and volatile acids (HNO3, HCl) it would be possible to describe the NHs-acid-ammonium salt system according to Gibbs phase rule, but in ambient air for the various meteorological factors affecting equilibrium this aim is not feasible. 

The most important factor affecting equilibrium gas composition is temperature. Deviations from equilibrium can be explained by the presence of pyrolysis gas, arising during thermal decomposition, by uneven gas and solid distribution, due to channeling, baking, clinkering or formation of blowholes, or by inadequate rates of reaction. 

Adsorption — An important physico-chemical phenomenon used in treatment of hazardous wastes or in predicting the behavior of hazardous materials in natural systems is adsorption. Adsorption is the concentration or accumulation of substances at a surface or interface between media. Hazardous materials are often removed from water or air by adsorption onto activated carbon. Adsorption of organic hazardous materials onto soils or sediments is an important factor affecting their mobility in the environment. Adsorption may be predicted by use of a number of equations most commonly relating the concentration of a chemical at the surface or interface to the concentration in air or in solution, at equilibrium. These equations may be solved graphically using laboratory data to plot "isotherms." The most common application of adsorption is for the removal of organic compounds from water by activated carbon. 

The common ion effect (Chapter 3) is a further important factor affecting solubilities. Addition of A or B to the above system (equation (5.28)) will shift the equilibrium to the left and reduce the solubility of AB. In practice, this situation would arise when an excess of a precipitating reagent has been added to an analyte solution. Such an excess leads to the possibility of complexation reactions occurring which will tend to increase the solubility of AB. For example, when aluminium or zinc is precipitated by hydroxyl ions, the following reactions with excess reagent can occur... 

III. Factors Affecting the Equilibrium Properties of Allele Frequencies... 

The equilibrium capacity of an adsorbent for different molecules is one factor affecting its selectivity. Another is the structure of the system of pores which permeates the adsorbent. 

What are the properties of a system at equilibrium What factors affect the extent of a chemical reaction ... 

Finally, one should recognize that determinations of the critical concentration depend wholly on the validity of the equilibrium or steady-state assumptions. If a stable end point for prdtomer-polymer coexistence is not attained, then kinetic factors affect the observed behavior. With the well recognized tendency of tubulin to lose its ability to engage in assembly reactions upon storage even at low temperature, and with the presence of various nucleotide hydrolases and transphosphorylases in microtubule protein, such kinetic effects are a serious problem. 

J.P. Guthrie, Carbonyl addition reactions Factors affecting the hydrate-hemiacetal and hemiacetal-acetal equilibrium constants. Can. J. Chem. 53 (1975) 898-906. 

Most metals of practical importance are actually mixtures of two or more metals. Recall from Section 1.1.3 that these intimate mixtures of metals are called alloys, and when the bond between the metals is partially ionic, they are termed intermetallics. For the purposes of this chapter, and especially this section, we will not need to distinguish between an intermetallic and an alloy, except to note that when a compound is indicated on a phase diagram (e.g., CuAb), it indicates an intermetallic compound. We are concerned only with the thermodynamics that describe the intimate mixing of two species under equilibrium conditions. The factors affecting how two metal atoms mix has already been described in Section 1.1.3. Recall that the solubility of one element in another depends on the relative atomic radii, the electronegativity difference between the two elements, the similarity in crystal structures, and the valencies of the two elements. Thermodynamics does not yet allow us to translate these properties of atoms directly into free energies, but these factors are what contribute to the free energy of... 

What is equilibrium constant Which factors affect the equilibrium constant ... 

The concentration of dissolved oxygen is the principal factor affecting the redox potential of milk. Milk is essentially free of 02 when secreted but in equilibrium with air, its 02 content is about 0.3 mM. The redox potential of anaerobically drawn milk or milk which has been depleted of dissolved oxygen by microbial growth or by displacement of 02 by other gases is more negative than that of milk containing dissolved 02. 

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