Factors affecting dispersion

The third factor affecting dispersion is turbulence. Mechanical turbulence is caused by the roughness of the Earth s surface. Away from the surface, convective turbulence (heated air rising and cooler air falling) becomes increasingly important. The amount of turbulence and the height to which it operates depends on the surface roughness, wind speed and atmospheric stability. 

Factors Affecting Dispersibility and Hydration of Glyoxal-Treated Xanthan Gum... 

Many factors affect a sample s dispersion in an FIA analysis. In this experiment students study the effect of temperature on dispersion. 

Other Factors Affecting the Viscosity of Dispersions. Factors other than concentration affect the viscosity of dispersions. A dispersion of nonspherical particles tends to be more viscous than predicted if the Brownian motion is great enough to maintain a random orientation of the particles. However, at low temperatures or high solvent viscosities, the Brownian motion is small and the particle alignment in flow (streamlining) results in unexpectedly lower viscosities. This is a form of shear thinning. 

Blast scale was determined by use of dispersion calculations to estimate fuel quantity within flammability limits present in the cloud. Initial blast strength was determined by factors which have been found to be major factors affecting the process of turbulent, premixed combustion, for example, the fuel s nature and the existence within the cloud of partial confinement or obstacles. 

Numerous factors affect the spread of luizardous substances into tlie area surrounding a leaking/buming container or contaituuent vessel. Evacuation decision-makers must carefully consider each of tliese factors in order to determine the conditions created by the release, tlie areas tluit have been or will be affected, and the heiilth affects on people. The factors tliat affect evacuation include amount of released material(s), physical and cheniical properties of the released material(s), health hazards, dispersion pattern, rate of release, and potential duration of release. Each of these factors is explained below. 

A threshold level of oxygen storage (via bulk PdO) is required to reach Ngh CO/NOx conversion levels in dynamometer sweep tests Pd loading, rather than dispersion or surface area, is the most impoirtant factor affecting oxygen uptakes. 

Each oil-dispersant combination shows a unique threshold or onset of dispersion [589]. A statistic analysis showed that the principal factors involved are the oil composition, dispersant formulation, sea surface turbulence, and dispersant quantity [588]. The composition of the oil is very important. The effectiveness of the dispersant formulation correlates strongly with the amount of the saturate components in the oil. The other components of the oil (i.e., asphaltenes, resins, or polar substances and aromatic fractions) show a negative correlation with the dispersant effectiveness. The viscosity of the oil is determined by the composition of the oil. Therefore viscosity and composition are responsible for the effectiveness of a dispersant. The dispersant composition is significant and interacts with the oil composition. Sea turbulence strongly affects dispersant effectiveness. The effectiveness rises with increasing turbulence to a maximal value. The effectiveness for commercial dispersants is a Gaussian distribution around a certain salinity value. 

A. Moet, M. Y. Bakr, M. Abdelmonim, and O. Abdelwahab. Factors affecting measurements of the efficiency of spilled oil dispersion. ACS Petrol Chem Div Preprints, 40(4) 564—566, August 1995. 

Gilligan, C. A., and Po, A. L. W., Factors affecting Drag Release from a Pellet System Coated with an Aqueous Colloidal Dispersion, Int. J. Pharmaceutics, 73 51-68 (1991)... 

The amount of adsorbed chemical is controlled by both properties of the chemical and of the clay material. The clay saturating cation is a major factor affecting the adsorption of the organophosphorus pesticide. The adsorption isotherm of parathion from an aqueous solution onto montmorillonite saturated with various cations (Fig. 8.32), shows that the sorption sequence (Al > Na > Ca ) is not in agreement with any of the ionic series based on ionic properties. This shows that, in parathion-montmoriUonite interactions in aqueous suspension, such factors as clay dispersion, steric effects, and hydration shells are dominant in the sorption process. In general, organophosphorus adsorption on clays is described by the Freundhch equation, and the values for parathion sorption are 3 for Ca +-kaoUnite, 125 for Ca -montmorillonite, and 145 for Ca -attapulgite. 

CA 62, 10257 (1965). The factors affecting the explosive properties of coal dust are the chem compn of the coal, the dispersion compn cone of the coal dust, the compn of the mine atm, the source of the flame, the natural ash content, the moisture. content the volatile content of the coal. A nomogram is given by means of which the min amt of inert matter to be added to prevent an explosion can be determined from the natural ash content... 

McClements, D.J. (2005). Theoretical analysis of factors affecting the formation and stability of multilayered colloidal dispersions. Langmuir, 21, 9777-9785. 

A.H. Selker and C.A. Schleicher, Factors affecting which phase will disperse when immiscible liquids are stirred together, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 43, 298-30] (1965). 

Ruthenium is known to catalyze a number of reactions, including the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons (7) and the polymerization of ethylene (2). The higher metal dispersions and the shape selectivity that a zeolite provides has led to the study of ruthenium containing zeolites as catalytic materials (3). A number of factors affect the product distribution in Fischer-Tropsch chemistry when zeolites containing ruthenium are used as the catalyst, including the location of the metal (4) and the method of introducing ruthenium into the zeolite (3). 

Dispersion of Particles—When lumpy material is mixed with a liquid, some measure of the rate at which the larger masses are disintegrated is necessary. What factors affect its breaking up into elemental units The size-distribution of the lumps is one factor, the solubility of the salts holding the particles together is another moisture-content may be a third. We shall discuss only those lumps easily disintegrated, and not those which are impermeable or so composed chemically and physically that the individual particles remain bound indefinitely. 

Highly disperse silica is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations as a filler, adsorbent, thickener etc.5 Their high hydrophilicity and the absence of emulsifying ability restrict their application. In contrast to hydroxylated silica, partially or fully hydrophobized silica may exhibit improved properties as a drug carrier. The main goal of this work is to study hydrophobized silica nanocomposites with immobilized vitamins C and E. Investigations of adsorption-desorption processes which involve silica nanoparticles and the antioxidants are described. Factors affecting the antioxidant stability have also been carefully considered. 

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