Factors Affecting Battery Performance

Refs. [i] Linden D (1994) Factors affecting battery performance. In Linden D (ed) Handbook of batteries, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 3.3 [ii] Nazri GA, Julien C (1994) Solid state batteries Materials, design and optimization. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 6... 

There are three main factors affecting the performance of lithium-ion batteries ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, and reactions with the electrodes. The ionic conductivity was described in Section 9.3, and the other two factors are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

An example of an interphase is the well-known and explored electrical double layer. Another example is the passivating layer between electrode and electrolyte solutions. Such a layer on Li electrodes, which arises from the reductive decompositions of a small amount of the electrolyte solutions, was named SEI (solid electrolyte interphase). SEI is a crucial factor in the performance of Li-ion batteries since its nature and behavior affect Li-ion battery cycle-life, life time, power capability, and safety. Li electrodes (and Li-C electrodes as well) develop a classical interphase between them and all the relevant polar aprotic electrolyte solutions. All... 

Many factors affect the storage, operating life, and performance characteristics of Li batteries. Among them, the presence of a passive layer formed upon exposure of metallic Li electrodes to various non-aqueous solvents is essential to the operation of the Li electrodes Specifically,... 

The cell chemistry is the driving factor for battery cost once the power and energy requirements have been specified. The relative cost of the active materials for specific cell chemistries clearly affects the end price of a battery. Perhaps more importantly, the performance of the cell chemistry directly impacts the material requirements, both active and inactive, that in turn determine the size of the manufacturing process. This subsection will explore the cormection between performance and cost to illustrate that high cell voltage and specific capacity with specific low impedance drives down costs in a multitude of ways. In other words, this section demonstrates that factors that increase energy and power density lower battery cost. 

Zinc-carbon batteries perform better on intermittent drains than continuous drains, largely because of their ability to dissipate the effects of polarization. Factors that affect polarization are identified earlier in this section. Resting between discharges allows the zinc surface to depolarize. One such effect is the dissipation of concentration polarization at the anode surface. This effect is more pronounced as heavier drains and longer duty schedules are... 

Temperature Dependence. Temperature is also an important factor in relation to cycle Ufe. Temperature affects all aspects of battery performance. In general, niekel-based alkaline batteries perform best at moderate temperatures in the range of 10°C to 30°C. Outside of this temperature range, performance and cycle life may be less than optimum. If the system design and the application environment are able to maintain the battery within the optimum range, improved battery performance and cycle life will result. 

Other factors which can affect the performance of the metal/air battery are the following ... 

Xu W, Read A, Koech PK et al (2012) Factors affecting the battery performance of anthraquinone-based organic cathode materials. J Mater Chem 22(9) 4032-4039... 

Acute exposure to levels of 200,000ppm and above causes deterioration of performance on tests of reaction time it has been suggested that the threshold at which nitrous oxide starts to affect performance lies between 80,000 and 120,000ppm. Other smdies have examined the effects of trace levels of nitrous oxide on performance tests, with conflicting results. In one unconfirmed study, volunteers exposed to 50 ppm for up to 4 hours showed decrements in audiovisual performance tests. In another report, similar exposures did not produce any changes in a battery of psychomotor tests including an audiovisual task, but there was a nonsignificant trend for mood factors such as tiredness to occur. ... 

For our example, we could identify 50-plus factors that affect electromagnet design, but those most relevant to our chosen response are battery type, circuit design, and wire length. We also want to investigate interactions between these factors. Does one circuit perform significantly better with a particular battery, and the other circuit perform better with the other battery If so, this would be an interaction between the circuit and battery type. 

R. Padbury, X. Zhang, Lithium-oxygen batteries - Limiting factors that affect performance , J. Power Sources, 196,4436-4444,2011. 

Various batteries are used by implantable devices for the treatment of cardiac diseases. Some of these devices have been found to be ideal in terms of reliability and longevity, some have been found to be marginal in performance, and only few have been found to be suitable for pacemaker applications. The batteries selected for the treatment ofvarious cardiac diseases include Li-l2, LiAgVO,2, LiMn02, Li-ion, and LiCF,j. The performance of the batteries used in pacemakers is somewhat affected by such factors as body temperature, dissolved blood oxygen, physical exertion, and body movements. 

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