Fabrication of equipment

The thickness of lining depends on the severity of corrosion or erosion. The diffusion of liquids is inversely proportional to the square of the thickness of the lining at a given temperature. That is to say, a 6 mm thickness is four times more resistant than a lining of 3 mm thickness. The speed of diffusion in the temperature range 30-80 deg C is proportional to the temperature increase. The fabricators of vessels are to be informed in advance that the vessel is meant for lining and should be asked to follow the standard procedure for fabrication of equipment meant for rubber lining. 

Design Considerations for Fabrication of Equipment Suitable for Rubber Lining... 

The ability of an adhesive to withstand long periods of exposure to a vacuum is of primary importance for materials used in space travel or in the fabrication of equipment that requires a vacuum for operation. The outgassed constituents can also become a source of contamination and be highly objectionable in certain applications, such as with electronic products, optical equipment, and solar arrays. 

The extremes of low and high temperatures used in many recent chemical processes has created some unusual problems in fabrication of equipment. For example, some metals lose their ductility and impact strength at low temperatures, although in many cases yield and tensile strengths increase as the temperature is decreased. It is important in low temperature applications to... 

Fabrication of equipment and materials must be inspected to insure quality. 

Materials required in the fabrication of equipment and associated systems dedicated to the production of pharmaceutical products should be capable of withstanding the temperature, pressure, and chemical corrosiveness of the product to ensure its purity and integrity. They also must meet a high degree of cleanliness to convey sterile and non-sterile products or solutions, particularly when it applies to their contact surfaces. Contact surfaces are all surfaces exposed to the product or from which liquids may drain, drop, or be drawn into the product, and solution contact surfaces are the interior surfaces of the circuit used exclusively for supply and recirculation of cleaning and/or sanitizing solutions. ... 

Work at the University of California at Los Angeles has been directed toward the development of suitable plastic osmotic membranes and the design and fabrication of equipment to utilize these membranes. A narrow air gap may also be considered as an osmotic membrane. UCLA developments on an air gap membrane are discussed by Hassler and McCutchan (3). A suitable membrane is considered to be one which ... 

A safety buy-off be performed before a builder or fabricator of equipment or systems ships equipment. 

Human failure during fabrication of equipment can affect the failure rate of the equipment. This is important for sensitive equipment like pressure vessels from alloy. 

Special features - Incremental capacity addition (modules) - Floating, e.g., barge-mounted NPPs could be considered - Potential for design standardization, series production and shop fabrication of equipment - Shop fabrication of reactor components - Incremental capacity addition (modules)... 

The CAREM nuclear power plant is small and has such advantages as a potential for design standardization, series production and shop fabrication of equipment. 

Quality-assured factory fabrication of equipment, including the mono-block. 

National codes and standards can be used as guidelines for selection of material and fabrication of equipment. 

When the construction materials have been selected, the preparation of a clear and concise specification to ensure that the material is fabricated and obtained as ordered, and meets the requirement of the specific material standards is mandatory. Any problem associated with fabrication of equipment with the selected material or rejection during inspection should be reported to allow re-analysis and ratification of the selection and specification. 

All welding works should be according to the appropriate ASME Codes Section IX and/or relevant standards for fabrication of equipment, vessels, piping, etc. 

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