Sparge pipes

The resistance of titanium in nitric acid is good at most concentrations and at temperatures up to boiling . Thus tubular heat exchangers are used in ammonium nitrate production for preheating the acid prior to its introduction into the reactor via titanium sparge pipes. In explosives manufacture, concentrated nitric acid is cooled in titanium coils and titanium tanks are... 

Nitric acid plants Tantalum heat exchangers and sparge pipes find extensive use in plants producing high purity nitric acid, ammonium nitrate and terephthalic acid. 

Typically, a FW tank temperature of 180 to 190 °F (82-88 °C) is preferred and can be achieved by the direct application of live steam (from a LP steam supply or from a flash steam recovery system) through a perforated sparge pipe or by indirect heating via steam, gases of combustion, or electrical-resistance heaters. Each temperature rise of 10 °F (5.6 °C) results in at least a 0.3 to 0.4% fuel saving. Tanks should, of course, be properly designed and lagged. 

Using a skimmer, the BD water is taken from close to the top surface of the BW, either from the side of the FT boiler shell or WT boiler top drum or from a top-mounted sparge pipe extending down 3 to 6 inches below the waterline (but above the top set of tubes in a FT boiler). Blowdown is provided on either a continuous blowdown or an intermittent blowdown basis. 

Small boiler plants often supplement the heat derived from CR by employing steam coils, steam sparge pipes, or electric heaters, whereas larger facilities use economizers, closed FW heaters, and deaerators (as discussed in Chapter 3). 

In a recirculation boiler system, see Figure 12.2, the feedwater is normally fed through sparge pipes into the steam drum, where the downward-pointing spargers encourage the formation of a subcooled region. A mixture of subcooled and saturated water is then drawn... 

A typical batch refining installation is described by Norris (1964). Briefly, it consists of an open tank, or kettle, holding about 30 tons of oil (one tank car). The kettle is equipped with a two-speed paddle agitator, steam coils, and a cone bottom. Sparging pipes are arranged in a grid in the head space of the tank for the addition of the alkali solution and wash-water. Agitator speeds are usually 40 and 8 rpm. 

Burchfield, S. D., and D. J. Wilson. 1993. Grormdwater Cleanup by In-situ Air Sparging. IV. Removal of Dense Non aqueous Phase Liqtrid by Sparging Pipes, Separation Scierme and Teclmology, vol. 28, nos. 17/18, pp. 2529-2551. 

The system was developed after extensive experimental work at Wlnfrith, culminating in a series of tests on heated 36-rod clusters to determine the efficiency of cooling for various water flow rates, sparge pipe designs and channel pressures down to atmospheric, (it had been found previously that spraying water from above the fuel elements could be ineffective even with quite low steam velocities the cooling water could be blown away before it was able to enter the cluster.)... 

Acid pump tanks Shell A-36 or A516 Gr.70 Corrosion barrier Pecora mastic and Teflon Brick acid-proof red shale (ASTM C279-54) (or fireclay) Mortar potassium siUcate (sodium and fluoride free) Dilution water sparge pipes solid Teflon SheU SX , SARAMET, or ZeCor Lining none... 

In dispersed air flotation the air is not dissolved in water, but is forced into the base of the tank through sparge pipes perforated with tiny holes. The bubbles are larger and fewer in number than with DAF. The typical bubble size is 80 pm for dissolved air flotation and around 1 mm for dispersed flotation. 

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