Explosion hazards projectiles

All cylinders come equipped with a valve specific to the gas in the cylinder, and a cylinder cap. The cylinder cap prevents damage to the cylinder valve while it is in transport, or when it is not in service. If a cylinder were to be tipped over and dropped, damage to the valve at worst could create a dangerous projectile, and a serious fire and explosion hazard. All cylinders in service should be secured by straps or chains, and set on a untippable base, or holding cage, or gas cabinet so that they can not fall or be knocked over. 

The quantity of objects requiring "neutralisation" is unknown, and hence there is a problem of establishing a throughput for the unit. Treatment rates in current plants vary from a few shells to about twenty per day. These projectiles, usually in very poor condition, present both chemical and explosive hazards. The supply is "random" and can only decrease with time. Will the plant operate continuously or only in batches Will it destroy the agent and the casing simultaneously When compared with the weight of products usually handled by the chemical industry, the quantities requiring destruction are very low (a few tonnes per year). 

It should be noted that a detonator, by itself, cannot initiate a large quantity of an insensitive HE (TNT, PA or Comp B), which is used as a filler for projectiles, bombs, mines, etc. Such HE s must not be too sensitive in order not to create hazard in handling and transportation. They could be,however, initiated by a very powerful detonator, such as contg a large quantity of a sensitive explosive such as LA, LSt or MF. This would also be undesirable because handling and transportation of large quantities of such expls is very hazardous... 

The DFS differs from the MPF in that it is equipped to process drained rockets, mortars, mines, and explosive components from projectiles. This processing leaves behind fiberglass ash and metal debris (aluminum and steel). The ash and debris are collected in bins, allowed to cool, and sampled and analyzed to verify that they are agent free. Once this determination has been made, the wastes are consolidated into larger roll-off bins. The ash and debris are transported to a hazardous waste landfill. 

Because of their random behavior, projectiles from BLEVEs are one of the most difficult hazards to quantify (Birk, 1996). The fragments thrown by the explosion have a restricted and directional action, but with a larger radius of destructive effects than the pressure wave and the thermal effects of the fireball. These fragments can cause a domino effect if they destroy other tanks or equipment. The velocity required by a fragment to penetrate another similar tank ranges from 4 to 12 m s , and the maximum velocity that can be reached by the fragments in a BLEVE explosion—a function of the conditions at which the explosion occurs, the volume of vapor initially contained in the vessel, and the shape of the vessel— ranges from 150 to 200 m s. ... 

Two major hazards may occur from high pressure vessel failures. The vessel itself may rupture and the formation of vapor cloud as a result of the rupture is possible. If the vessel ruptures, it will produce flying projectiles and usually release large quantities of vapors, and in the case of most hydrocarbons are combustible.The projectiles could harm individuals or damage the process facility, possibly increasing the incident proportions. Secondly, the release of a combustible gas from a pressurized vessel may cause the formation of combustible vapor cloud, which if a suitable amount of congestion is present or some turbulence of the cloud occurs, an explosive blast may result once the cloud contacts an ignition source. 

In addition to safety hazards posed by fire, explosion, projectiles, heat and burns, and electrical and energy sources, welding produces a number of health hazards. Among these are physical and chemical hazards. 

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