Exploration conversion

The objective of any exploration venture is to find new volumes of hydrocarbons at a low cost and in a short period of time. Exploration budgets are in direct competition with acquisition opportunities. If a company spends more money finding oil than it would have had to spend buying the equivalent amount in the market place there is little Incentive to continue exploration. Conversely, a company which manages to find new reserves at low cost has a significant competitive edge since it can afford more exploration, find and develop reservoirs more profitably, and can target and develop smaller prospects. 

The device was a chemical scrubber in which chemicals were added to the water passing counter-current to the air flow to react with the pollutants. Typical oxidizing agents used included hypochlorites, peroxides, and permanganates. Caustic, hydrogen peroxide, and bleach were all used at different times. The OCSD was interested in exploring conversion of the scrubbers to biofilters in order to reduce the operating costs and the costs of chemicals. 

Natural resources Oil and mining companies Exploration Conversion... 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

An exploration or appraisal well, if successful, can be converted to a subsea producer if hydrocarbons are discovered. In this case the initial well design would have to allow for any proposed conversion. 

Two-Dimensional Representation of Chemical Structures. The lUPAC standardization of organic nomenclature allows automatic translation of a chemical s name into its chemical stmcture, or, conversely, the naming of a compound based on its stmcture. The chemical formula for a compound can be translated into its stmcture once a set of semantic rules for representation are estabUshed (26). The semantic rules and their appHcation have been described (27,28). The inverse problem, generating correct names from chemical stmctures, has been addressed (28) and explored for the specific case of naming condensed benzenoid hydrocarbons (29,30). 

The exploration of the chemistry of azirines has led to the discovery of several pyrrole syntheses. From a mechanistic viewpoint the simplest is based upon their ability to behave as a-amino ketone equivalents in reactions analogous to the Knorr pyrrole synthesis cf. Section 3.03.3.2.2), as illustrated in Schemes 91a and 91b for reactions with carbanions. Parallel reactions with enamines or a-keto phosphorus ylides can be effected with electron-deficient 2//-azirines (Scheme 91c). Conversely, electron-rich azirines react with electron deficient alkynes (Scheme 91d). 

Once fundamental data have been obtained, the goal is to develop a mathematical model of the process and to utilize it to explore such possibilities as produc t selectivity, start-up and shut-down behavior, vessel configuration, temperature, pressure, and conversion profiles, and so on. 

We have previously discussed that keto-aldehydes react with anilines first at the aldehyde carbon to form the aldimine. Subsequent condensation with another aniline formed a bis-imine or enamino-imine. The aniline of the ketimine normally cyclizes on the aldimine (24 —> 26). Conversely, cyclization of the aldimine could be forced with minimal aniline migration to the ketimine using PPA (30 —> 31). The use of unsymmetrical ketones has not been thoroughly explored a few examples are cited below. One-pot enamine formation and cyclization occurred when aniline 48 was reacted with dione 49 in the presence of catalytic p-TsOH and heat. Imine formation occurred at the less-hindered ketone, and cyclization with attack on the reactive carbonyl was preferred. ... 

Resource economics stresses that, to date, experience is that the conversion of unutilized resources to profitable ones has moved ahead of demand growth and resource commodity prices have fallen over time. Moreover, M. A. Adehiian s classic studies of petroleum supply development have shown that exploration is an ongoing effort to expand the potential for supply expansion. A backlog of developable prospects always exists. When profitable, the much more expensive development stage is undertaken. 

See also Climatic Effects Fossil Fuels Gasoline and Additives Governmental Inteiwention in Energy Markets Liquefied Petroleum Gas Methane Natural Gas, Processing and Conversion of Natural Gas, Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of Oil and Gas, Exploration for Oil and Gas, Production of Risk Assesment and Management. 

The refiner should identify economic opportunities internally before approaching a technology licensor. For example, what is the primary consideration more conversion, higher throughput, or both At times, a refiner may prefer to do the work internally, as opposed to hiring external resources, but all possible options should be explored. 

It would take us too far out of our way to explore the territory opened up by this way of looking at Polya s Theorem, but we can take a quick look at the view and pick out some of the salient features. The cycle index, in its new clothes, is expressible in terms of -functions conversely, an 5-function can be regarded as a sort of cycle index. The 5-function for a partition can be defined by... 

In 1951Castaing8 published results to show that an electron microscope could be converted into a useful x-ray emission spectrograph for point-to-point exploration on a micron scale. The conversion consisted mainly in adding a second electrostatic lens to obtain a narrower electron beam for the excitation of an x-ray spectrum, and adding an external spectrometer for analysis of the spectrum and measurement of analytical-line intensity. Outstanding features of the technique were the small size of sample (1 g cube, or thereabouts) and the absence of pronounced absorption and enhancement effects, which, of course, is characteristic of electron excitation (7.10). Castaing8 gives remarkable quantitative results for copper alloys the results in parentheses are the quotients... 

Alternatives to fossil fuels, such as hydrogen, are explored in Box 6.2 and Section 14.3. Coal, which is mostly carbon, can be converted into fuels with a lower proportion of carbon. Its conversion into methane, CH4, for instance, would reduce C02 emissions per unit of energy. We can also work with nature by accelerating the uptake of carbon by the natural processes of the carbon cycle. For example, one proposed solution is to pump C02 exhaust deep into the ocean, where it would dissolve to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide can also be removed from power plant exhaust gases by passing the exhaust through an aqueous slurry of calcium silicate to produce harmless solid products ... 

At the present time we have not attempted to isolate a-thioisatin, the presumed intermediate in the synthesis of indigo. However, it is immediately apparent that if this intermediate could be isolated or intercepted in situ, then many possibilities would open up for the conversion of this compound directly into other indole derivatives. It is also apparent that it should be possible to carry out the reaction with substituted thioureas. We shall be exploring these possibilities. 

Thus, a single CSTR requires 144.6 times the volume of a single PFR, and the inefficiency of using a CSTR to achieve high conversions is dramatically illustrated. The volume disadvantage drops fairly quickly when CSTRs are put in series, but the economic disadvantage remains great. Cost consequences are explored in Problems 4.19 and 4.20. 

In a series of three papers, Noguchi and co-workers have reported their continuing studies on the formation of heterocycle-fused azepine systems <96X13081, 96X13097, 96X13111>. A typical example is the conversion of the aldehyde 15 into the azepines 16 and 17 (Scheme 3). Xhe reaction also proceeds with imines when the dihydroazepine prior to bridging can be isolated. Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of the reaction have been explored. 

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