Exploiting Pressure Sensitivity

Exploitation of boundaiy curvature for breaking azeotropes is veiy similar to exploiting pressure sensitivity from a mass-balance point of view, and suffers from the same disadvantages. Separation schemes have large recycle flows, and in the case of minimum-boiling azeotropes, the recycle streams are distillates. However, in the case of maximum-boihng azeotropes, these recycles are underflows and... 

Exploitation of Pressure Sensitivity The breaking of homogeneous azeotropes that are part of a distiUation boundary (that is, into produc ts in different distillation regions) requires that the boundaiy... 

Block copolymers are widely used industrially. In the solid and rubbery states they are used as thermoplastic elastomers, with applications such as impact modification, compatibilization and pressure-sensitive adhesion. In solution, their surfactant properties are exploited in foams, oil additives, solubilizers, thickeners and dispersion agents to name a few. Particularly useful reviews of applications of block copolymers in the solid state are contained in the two books edited by Goodman (1982,1985) and the review article by Riess etal. (1985). The applications of block copolymers in solution have been summarized by Schmolka (1991) and Nace (1996). This book is concerned with the physics underlying the practical applications of block copolymers. Both structural and dynamical properties are considered for melts, solids, dilute solutions and concentrated solutions. The book is organized such that each of these states is considered in a separate chapter. 

Although 0-3 composites are relatively little used they can be exploited for low technology applications such as pressure-sensitive pads. 

The composition of many azeotropes varies with the system pressure (Horsley, Azeotropic Data-Ill, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1983 Gmehling et ah. Azeotropic Data, VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, Fla., 1994). This effect can be exploited to separate azeotropic mixtures by so-called pressure-swing distillation if at some pressure the azeotrope simply disappears, such as does the ethanol-water azeotrope at pressures below 11.5 kPa. However, pressure sensitivity can still be exploited if the azeotropic composition and related distillation boundary change sufficiently over a moderate... 

Table 7.2 also shows the wavelength-temperature sensitivities. However, the pressure-sensitivity for a grating is very low (approx. —3pm/MPa) so that this sensitivity cannot be exploited for pressure sensing without any transducer elements. 

Interestingly, humans have for centuries exploited the sensitivity of cells to osmotic pressure. The process of curing meat with salt or with sugar causes crenation of the bacteria cells that would otherwise cause spoilage. 

Abstract The basic concepts, formulations, and test methods of pressure-sensitive adhesives are presented. The importance of interfacial interactions, viscous loss, and extensibility are stressed. The common rheological tests are described and the equivalence of deformation rate and test temperature is emphasized. The much longer time scale for bond formation versus the rate of deformation upon debonding in peel or tack is exploited by the formulator to optimize properties. The formulation principles and common ingredients for preparing acrylic- and rubber-based adhesives are described, and the performance capabilities of these two types of pressure-sensitive adhesives are contrasted. 

If the light and heavy key components form an azeotrope, then something more sophisticated than simple distillation is required. The first option to consider when separating an azeotrope is exploiting change in azeotropic composition with pressure. If the composition of the azeotrope is sensitive to pressure and it is possible to operate the distillation over a range of pressures without any material decomposition occurring, then this property can be used to... 

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