Experimental Setup and Results

Experiments were performed for 23 values of the Froude number (from 1.38 to 3.02) and there were 6 cases of undular jumps, 12 cases of weak jumps and 5 cases of oscillating jumps. 

Bayesian Methods for Structural Dynamics and Civil Engineering 

For each experiment, the upstream flow rate was recorded to compute the upstream flow speed and the corresponding Froude number. Then the gauge was placed at the location of the jump end of each Froude number according to the Bradley-Peterka curve [32], The upstream water depth yi was recorded and then the downstream water depth y2 can be estimated by Equation (3.88). 

Since there is no apparent frequency in the measurements of undular jumps, identification was proceeded for the weak and oscillating jumps only and the results are summarized in Table 3.7. The first column shows the Froude numbers. The second to the fourth columns show the identified values of the natural frequencies, damping ratios and spectral intensities of the 

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Experimental Setup and Results of Refractive Index Sensing... 

M. Becker, H. Lippmann (1977). Plain plastic flow of granular model material. Experimental setup and results. Arch. Mech., 29, 829-846. 

A common approach for UP spectra in the literature is the data treatment by subtraction of spectra (particularly the underlying support) in order to make changes in electron density better visible, i.e. [29]. This approach is omitted in this thesis, as this often based on incomparable spectra (due to changing operation conditions of the EES experimental setup) and results in artefact peaks, with no physical meaning [8]. 

In the following, after a brief description of the experimental setup and procedures (Section 13.2), we will first focus on the adsorption and on the coverage and composition of the adlayer resulting from adsorption of the respective Cj molecules at a potential in the Hup range as determined by adsorbate stripping experiments (Section 13.3.1). Section 13.3.2 deals with bulk oxidation of the respective reactants and the contribution of the different reaction products to the total reaction current under continuous electrolyte flow, first in potentiodynamic experiments and then in potentiostatic reaction transients, after stepping the potential from 0.16 to 0.6 V, which was chosen as a typical reaction potential. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism in which, for methanol and formaldehyde oxidation, the commonly used dual-pathway mechanism is extended by the possibility that reaction intermediates can desorb as incomplete oxidation products and also re-adsorb for further oxidation (for the formic acid oxidation mechanism, see [Samjeske and Osawa, 2005 Chen et al., 2006a, b Miki et al., 2004]). 

Many results are presented as consequences of the biosimulation setups, and the experimental evidence for some of them may be questioned. This is not a weakness of the biosimulation. When a biosimulation model is constructed, it is based upon known experimental evidence, so the outcome of the model represents a series of conclusions based upon this evidence. The advantage is that the conclusions are quantitative and can point to new possible mechanisms that can be tested, to new experimental setups, and to new treatment targets. 

Section II of this paper contains a description of the mechanism of NEXAFS spectroscopy, experimental setup and the types of information that can be obtained. Section III presents examples of work by others which serve as an important basis for the interpretation of our studies, and also several experiments on oriented polymer films and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Section IV describes a study of the chemical interaction that takes place when chromium metal is evaporated onto spun polymers, including polyimide. Section V describes the results of a study of poly(amic acid) films grown by epitaxy on clean surfaces of copper and chromium, and the effect of annealing to induce imidization. 

Figure 7.41. Experimental setup and X-ray spectrum resulting from PIXE analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Reproduced with permission from Naab, F. U. Holland, O. W. Duggan, J. L. McDaniel, F. D. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005,109,1415. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.

Following these first investigations, important and more detailed work, using time-resolved Raman techniques (mainly resonance Raman), has been reported since the end of the 1980s. However, before discussing these more recent results, we will review the main features of time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy by describing the experimental setup and the operating conditions we used... 

The paper is structured as follows the experimental setup and the obtained results are briefly described in the next section. The third section is then devoted to the description of the results in the single- and two-phase systems. Finally a discussion and comparison with other techniques and previous results is held in a fourth section. 

Applications of Ionic Liquids, 78 Bacterial Biofilms, 80 Experimental Setup, 82 Experimental Procedure and Results, 82... 

Spectrophotometric analysis of the obtained textile was done using the experimental setup and method described in Section 2.3.2. The results in Figure 2.5 show the reflectance curves obtained and the CIELAB diagram. 

The active site responsible for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols over Pd/AljO, catalysts has long been debated [96-lOOj. Many reports claim that the active site for this catalyst material is the metallic palladium based on electrochemical studies of these catalysts [100, 101]. On the contrary, there are reports that claim that palladium oxide is the active site for the oxidation reaction and the metalhc palladium has a lesser catalytic activity [96,97). In this section, we present examples on how in situ XAS combined with other analytical techniques such as ATR-IR, DRIFTS, and mass spectroscopic methods have been used to study the nature of the actual active site for the supported palladium catalysts for the selective aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols. Initially, we present examples that claim that palladium in its metallic state is the active site for this selective aerobic oxidation, followed by some recent examples where researchers have reported that ojddic palladium is the active site for this reaction. Examples where in situ spectroscopic methods have been utilized to arrive at the conclusion are presented here. For this purpose, a spectroscopic reaction cell, acting as a continuous flow reactor, has been equipped with X-ray transparent windows and then charged with the catalyst material. A liquid pump is used to feed the reactants and solvent mixture into the reaction cell, which can be heated by an oven. The reaction was monitored by a transmission flow-through IR cell. A detailed description of the experimental setup and procedure can be found elsewhere [100]. Figure 12.10 shows the obtained XAS results as well as the online product analysis by FTIR for a Pd/AljOj catalyst during the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. 

Fig. 1.18 Experimental setup and measured difiraction pattern results, a The experimental setup employed to capture the difiraction pattern, b The pattern was obtained on a semi-transparent hemispherical screen...

Fig. 7 compares the experimentally measured (A and C) absorption Cahs,x and (B and D) scattering Csca,x cross-sections between 400 and 700 nm of monodisperse latex spheres 2.02 and 4.5 pm diameter with Lorenz—Mie theory predictions using the complex index of refraction of latex reported by Ma et al. (2003). Flere also, the good agreement between theoretical and experimental results successfully validated the experimental setup and the data analysis. Similar vaHdation has been performed with the same polydisperse polystyrene latex microspheres and randomly oriented and infinitely long glass fibers considered for validating the scattering phase function measurements, as illustrated in Fig. 6 (Berberoglu and Pilon, 2007).

Naturally, particle beams that do not meet the above demands may still be applied to obtain useful information on atomic ionization or excitation. However, to circumvent a poor beam quality, the experimental setup and procedure may have to be considerably more complicated than with high-quality beams this often results in the necessity for extended time periods for the measurement and severe difficulties in meaningful analysis of the results. 

A pseudo-2D setup was used to investigate the effect of gas penneation on the fluidized bed hydrodynamics using a small-scale fluidized bed. The bed width, depth, and height were 4, 1, and 50 cm, respectively. These dimensions have been chosen to have the setup as large as possible, yet being able to perform DPM simulations with the resulting number of particles in this domain. Apart from the dimensions, the experimental setup and measurement procedures have been kept identical to that described in Section 2.3.1, i.e., glass beads with diameter 400—600 pm have been used, which results in a measured minimum fluidization velocity of 0.25 m/s. 

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