Expanding cement

Groves, A.W., Gypsum and Anhydrite, Overseas Geol. Surveys, Min. Res. Div., p. 108, Her Majesty s Stationery Office, London (1958) 

Taylor, H. F. W., Cement Chemistry, p. 233, Academic Press, London (1990) 

Ramachandran, V. S., Applications of Differential Thermal Analysis in Cement Chemistry, p. 308, Chem. Pub. Co., New York (1969) 

Badens, E., Llewellyn, P., Fulconis, J. M., Jourdon, C., Veesler, S., Boistelle, R., and Rouquerol, F., Study of Gypsirm Dehydration by Controlled Transformation Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA), J. Solid State Chem., 139 37 4 (1998) 

Clifton, J. R., Thermal Analysis of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Supposed a and P Forms of Calcium Sulfate from 25 to 500°C, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands-A, Phys. and Chem., Vol. 78A (1972) 

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Dead burned magnesium oxide is suitable as an expanding additive [368-370]. The expansion occurs by a hydration mechanism. The additive is particularly effective when used at setting temperatures greater than approximately 150° C. Enhanced adhesion of expanded cements can be achieved by the addition of urea-formaldehyde resins [1720]. 

Hoff, G. (1972). Practical Applications of Expanding Cements, CTIAC Report 8 US Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Miss., USA. 

Expanding cement (shrinkage-compensated cement) do not shrink upon hardening. Addition of 10 to 15% of calcium sulfate or aluminate even effects an expansion ( managed gypsum bursting ). 

Expansire cements are hydrauHc cements designed to expand rather than shrink on curing, as do standard Pordand cements. They are defined in ASTM C845 and are used to control and reduce shrinkage cracks in large poured-in place stmctures. 

Normally, castables are 25 percent cements and 75 percent aggregates. The aggregate is the more chemically resistant of the two components. The ni est-strength materials have 30 percent cement, but too much cement results in too much shrinkage. The standard insulating refractory, 1 2 4 LHV castable, consists or 1 volume of cement, 2 volumes of expanded clay (Haydite), and 4 volumes of vermicuhte. 

The most common low-specific-gravity solids used to reduce cement slurry specific weight are bentonite, diatomaceous earth, solid hydrocarbons, expanded perlite and pozzolan. It may not be possible to reduce the cement slurry specific weight enough with the above low-specific-weight materials when very weak formations are exposed. In such cases nitrogen is used to aerate the mud column above the cement slurry to assist in further decreasing the hydrostatic pressure. 

Consistency is tested on a measured volume of freshly mixed cement in the form of a cylinder. This specimen is placed between two horizontal plates using the apparatus illustrated in Figure 10.1 and subjected to a vertically applied load. The cement then flows out rapidly to form a disc. This radial flow ceases almost instantaneously because the applied stress decreases as the disc expands and rapidly reaches the yield stress, at which point outward flow ceases. This is the behaviour expected for a plastic body. 

Addition of rubber particles of 30% to 100% by weight to cement with a grain size of approximately 40 to 60 mesh (0.4 to 0.25 mm) will produce a lightweight cement. The addition of rubber particles also creates a low permeability. The compositions are advantageous for cementing zones subjected to extreme dynamic stresses such as perforation zones and the junctions of branches in a multi-sidetrack well. Recycled, expanded polystyrene lowers the density of a hydraulic cement formulation and is an environmentally friendly solution for downcycling waste materials. 

A series of test methods and procedures have been developed to measure these phenomena [67]. Cracks should be avoided because these increase the permeability of the cement. The expansion of the cement, without the formation of macro-fissures, depends on the time at which the expanding... 

Expanding additives improve the filtering properties of a cement [21,1720]. An expanding additive is based on calcium oxide (CaO) fired at high... 

Pluming Solution with Portland Cement, Expanding Additive,... 

Portland cement Expanding additive, based on calcium oxide fired at high temperatures Polymethylene urea, amino-formaldehyde resin Water 100 2-10 0.05-1.50 45-55... 

V. E. Akhrimenko, V. B. Levitin, L. V. Palij, Y. Ya. Taradymenko, and V. P. Timovskij. Plugging solution for cementing oil and gas wells— contains Portland cement, expanding additive based on sintered calcium oxide, amino-formaldehyde or acetone-formaldehyde resin and water. Patent SU 1776765-A, 1992. 

J. L. Boles and J. B. Boles. Cementing compositions and methods using recycled expanded polystyrene. Patent US 5736594, 1998. 

V. P. Bortsov, A. A. Baluev, and S. N. Bastrikov. Plugging solution for oil and gas wells—contains Portland cement, expanding additive, water and additionally aluminum powder, surfactants and plasticiser. Patent RU 2082872-C, 1997. 

P. S. Cheung. Expanding additive for cement composition. Patent GB 2320246,1998. 

R. R. Jones and R. B. Carpenter. New latex, expanding thixotropic cement systems improve job performance and reduce costs. In Proceedings Volume, pages 125-134. SPE Oilfield Chem Int Symp (Anaheim, CA, 2/20-2/22), 1991. 

R. B. Stewart, W. C. M. Lohbeck, D. S. Gill, and M. N. Baaijens. An expandable slotted tubing, fibre-cement wellbore lining system. In Proceedings Volume, volume 1, pages 133-140. SPE Europe Petrol Conf (Milan, Italy, 10/22-10/24), 1996. 

Y. Ya. Taradymenko, V. P. Timovskij, V. A. Kushu, V. E. Akhri-menko, and Y. G. Karpenko. Plugging solution—contains Portland cement, calcium oxide-based expanding additive, water and additionally... 

It is assumed that the moisture content of the soil has been determined to be approximately 50% under worst-case conditions. Using this information and the results from vendor tests, it has been determined that a minimum dose of one part solidification reagent to two parts soil is required for the migration control of lead. Testing has shown that the optimum solidification reagent mixture would comprise ca. 50% fly ash and ca. 50% kiln dust. Thus, ca. 7000 t (6364 T) each of fly ash and cement kiln dust would be required. The reagents would be added in situ with a backhoe. As one area of the soil is fixed, the equipment could be moved onto the fixed soil to blend the next section. It may be anticipated that the soil volume would expand by ca. 20% as a result of the fixation process. This additional volume would be used to achieve the required slope for the cap. An RCRA soil/clay cap placed over the solidified material is necessary to prevent infiltration and additional hydraulic stress on the fixed soil. It is estimated that the fixation would reduce lead migration by 40% and that the fixed soil may pass the U.S. EPA levels for lead. 

When cementing high pressure gas formations, the gas can penetrate the cement slurry before it sets greatly weakening the set cement (27). Various solutions to this problem have been proposed including the use of cement slurry formulations which expand as they harden thereby resisting gas invasion (28). 

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