Designation of cements

There are some special problems in the design of cement slurries for which additives have been developed. These are... 

Cemented carbide parts are used for demanding wear applications. They are primarily made of tungsten carbide and contain a small percentage of binder such as nickel or cobalt to provide structural homogeneity. Cemented carbides products include knives, blades, nozzles, jets guides, valve seats, seal parts, etc. The properties and design of cemented carbides strongly influence part life and overall equipment reliability. 

L. Czamecki P. Lukowski Optimization of Polymer-Cement Concretes, Optimization Methods for Material Design of Cement-Based Composites. (E FN Spon. New York 1998) p. 231-250... 

Optimization Methods for Material Design of Cement-based Composites... 

Herein is the explanation for the dubious results of many current designs of cement-free hips and knees the implant material used, the design and... 

EN 1449 Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - test methods to prove the design of cemented socket-and-spigot joints. 

Houlsby, A C. 1990. Construction and Design of Cement Grouting. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 

Table 15.2. Common letter designation of cement oxide components ...

The obtained test results and their analysis support the hypothesis that the fracture surfaces of concrete-like composites are fractal objects. However, the fractal dimension of fracture surfaces is not sufficiently sensitive with respect to strength, toughness and fracture energy of cement-based composites to allow some practical applications. It is not yet possible to use the data related to the fractal dimension in design of cement-based materials, for example, to design a material for required fractal dimension or to estimate strength or other mechanical property on the basis of fractal dimension only. 

Table 11 Classification and designation of cements (from Cembureau, 1968)...

Several developments are being pursued to utilize coal directly, ie, automation of controls, coal and ash handling equipment for smaller stoker and pulverized coal-fired units, design of packaged boiler units, and pollution control equipment. In the cement industry coal firing has been used, because the sulfur oxides react with some of the lime to make calcium sulfate in an acceptable amount. 

Thermal oxidizers must be built to provide the residence time and temperatures to achieve the desired destruction efficiency (DE). As such, thermal oxidizers are comparatively larger than catalytic oxidizers since their residence time is two to four times greater. Historical designs of thermal oxidizers were comprised of carbon steel for the outer shell and castable refractory or brick as the thermal liner (a refractory is like a cement, which is put on the inside of the rector shell to act as a thermal insulation barrier). Modern units are designed and built using ceramic fiber insulation on the inside, which is a lightweight material, and has a relatively long life. Old refractory would tend to fail over a period of years by attrition of expansion and contraction. 

Calcium-sodium lignosulfonate is a better retarding additive when high concentrations of bentonite are to be used in the design of the cement slurry. 

Examples of commonly used viscosity control additives are calcium ligno-sulfonate, sodium chloride and some long-chain polymers. These additives also act as accelerators or retarders so care must be taken in designing the cement slurry with these materials. 

Steenbock, P. (1904). Improvements in and relating to the manufacture of a material designed for the production of cement. British Patent 15,181. 

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