Expanded graphite nanocomposites

Shen et al. [130] prepared maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP)/ expanded graphite nanocomposites by solution blending. The conductive performance of PP was improved significantly. 

Sorrentino, L., M. Aurilia, L. Cafiero, S. Cioffi, and S. lannace. 2012. Mechanical behavior of solid and foamed polyester/expanded graphite nanocomposites. Journal of Cellular Plastics A9. (4) (July 12) 355-368. doi 10.1177/0021955X12449641. http //cel.sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/48/4/355. 

Zhao, Y.F., Xiao, M., Wang, S.J., Ge, X.C., Meng, Y.Z., 2007. Preparation and properties of electrically conductive PPS/expanded graphite nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology 67, 2528-2534. 

Zheng W, Wong S C, Sue H J (2002), Transport behavior of PMMA/expanded graphite nanocomposites . Polymer, 73, 6161. 

Song L N, Xiao M, Li X H, Meng Y Z (2005), Short carbon fiber reinforced electrically conductive aromatic polydisulfide/expanded graphite nanocomposites . Mater Chem Phy, in press. 

FIGURE 4.2 Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)-expanded graphite (EG) (4 wt%) nanocomposites. (From George, J.J. and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Mater. Sci., 43, 702, 2008. Courtesy of Springer.)... 

George and Bhowmick [147] have also studied the influence of the polarity of EVA (40, 50, 60, and 70% vinyl acetate content) and the nature of the nanofiller [expanded graphite (EG), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and CNFs] on the mechanical properties of EVA/carbon nanofiller nanocomposites. They pointed out that the enhancement in mechanical properties with the addition of various... 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been poorly used to characterize the carbon phase of intumescent structure. Indeed, as shown previously, the carbon structure resulting from the development of the intumescent system is mainly disordered whereas XRD characterizes ordered structure. However, this technique may be of interest to study the carbonization process in the case of flame-retardant systems containing layered additives, such as expandable graphite,28,42 or even more in the case of lamellar nanocomposites, such as MMT-based nanocomposites. 

The next major class of flame retardant additives that are nonhalogenated is the phosphorus-based flame retardants, but even these materials have some regulatory environmental concerns.Other nonhalogenated flame retardants that are not phosphorus-based exist, including mineral fillers (i.e., Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2), expandable graphite, mela-mine, and polymer nanocomposites combined with other flame retardants.Each of these materials has its own advantages and disadvantages, and effectiveness in one polymer system often does not translate into another system. 

In Situ Intercalative Polymerization A variety of polymer nanocomposites have been prepared using this method, that is, PS/graphene, PMMA/expanded graphite, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/layered double hydroxyl (LDH), PI/LDH, and PET/LDH. 

Steurer, P., Wissert, R., Thomann, R., Miilhaupt. R. (2009) Functionalized Graphenes and Thermoplastic Nanocomposites Based upon Expanded Graphite Oxide,... 

The addition of nanoparticles to synthetic mbber resulting in enhancement in thermal, stiffness and resistance to fracture is one of the most important phenomena in material science technology. Thermal and mechanical properties of clays mul-tiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) prepared through melt blending showed synergistic effect in properties [86]. Malas et al. reported (SBR/BR)/expanded graphite (EG) and black carbon (CB) nanocomposites by melt blending, this study demonstrated that the presence of EG improvement thermo-mechanical properties and the presence of CB are a factor important to... 

Malas et al. reported (SBR/BR)/expanded graphite (EG) and black carbon (CB) nanocomposites by melt blending, this smdy demonstrated that the presence of EG improvement thermo-mechanical properties and the presence of CB are a factor important to improve such properties [84]. 

Yasmin, A., Luo, J. and Daniel, I. M., Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites . Composites Science and Technology, 2006, 66, 1182-1189. 

Figure 5.6 TEM images of PHBHHx nanocomposites (a) PHBHHx/layered silicate (b) PHBHHx/expanded graphite viewed at xSOOO magnification. Reprinted from Zhang et al. with permission from Taylor Francis.

Steurer P, Wissert R, Thomann R, Miilhaupt R (2009) Functionalized graphenes and thermoplastic nanocomposites based upon expanded graphite oxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 30 316-327... 

Very effective flame retardant data were obtained with styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer/graphite oxide (St-BA/GO) nanocomposites. "- The GO was prepared by oxidation of expandable graphite, and the St-BA/GO nanocomposites (GO content of up to 4% mass fraction) were synthesized by exfoliation- adsorption of monomer followed by in situ emulsion polymerization. The distribution of the GO particles was examined by XRD, TEM, and electron diffraction exfoliated GO layers in crystalline structures were observed. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) data show a slight increase in thermal stability (up to 15°C with a 3% mass fraction of GO). Significant reduction in heat release rate by increasing GO content has been reported all nanocomposites reduced about 40% of total heat released compared with that of St-BA, as shown in Figures 10.14 and 10.15. 

Uhla, F.M., Yaoa, Q., Nakajimac, H., Maniasc, E., Wilkie, C.A., 2005. Expandable graphite/ polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stahihty 89, 70—84. 

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