Exfoliation ratio

Chivrac et al. (2008) developed micromechanical models based on Mori-Tanaka model to predict the effective elastic properties of starch-based nanocomposites. Except the exfoliation ratio, they considered the effect of plasticizers and storage conditions on effective mechanical properties of the nanocomposites (Equations 11 and 12, respectively)... 

None of the above methods is sufiBcient for neutrons, however. Neutrons penetrate mader so easily that the only effective approach is to use materials with a very high surface-to-vohuue ratio. This can be accomplished with small particles and exfoliated graphite, for instance, but the teclmique has essentially been abandoned in surface sdidies [7, 8]. 

Dispersion The degree of dispersion of the nanoplatelets is determined by the degree of delamination of the clay. The fully delaminated (exfoliated) nanocomposite presents much higher values for the tortuosity factor and the aspect ratio in comparison with the partially delaminated (intercalated) nanocomposite. This means that the clay particles that grow as aggregates or books of sheets must be broken up or exfoliated into individual sheets that have a thickness of the order of 1 nm, with lengths and widths of the order of 500 nm. 

Any kind of carbon, such as natural graphite, petroleum coke, carbon black, carbon fiber, exfoliated graphite, natural or synthetic graphite and fullerenes can be fluorinated under controlled conditions. Each carbon has unique crystalline properties. To achieve a desired degree of fluorination — or carbon fluorine ratio — numerous experiments are conducted in specialized TGFA reactors to determine the operating conditions such as fluorination temperature, fluorine flow rate, and fluorination duration. 

In another study by Chae et al., orientation and exfoliation of SWCNTs in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers by gel spinning was studied using Raman spectroscopy, and it was based on the G-band intensity ratio of polarized light and the second- and fourth-order orientation parameters of SWCNT [53]. The Raman intensity ratio for beam-polarized parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis was 42 for gel spun fiber but 38 for conventional solution spinning and that SWCNT orientation was slightly higher (0.915) than conventional spun fiber (0.90). 

Organomercurials have been a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis or rash (22) and even exfoliative dermatitis has been described (23). Some reagents for intra-cutaneous testing (tuberculin, etc.) may contain thiomersal, which can cause sensitization and thus elicit false-positive delayed-type skin reactions. Mercury compounds inhibit most lymphocyte functions (SEDA-21, 240). An early indicator of an immunological response to mercury exposure, for example in occupational medicine, appears to be a change in the lymphocyte count with a differential increase in T helper cells and a rise in the T helper/T suppressor ratio (24). 

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