Exercises Relating to Chapter

Determine the Miller indices of the 12 faces that form a rhombododecahedron (Fig. 5.1). The coordinate system is defined by a =a2 = a, ai=oc2 = a = 90°, Each face is parallel to one of the axes of the coordinate system. Calculate the angles between the faces of the rhombododecahedron which have a common edge. 

02 and (f) be the angles between the normal to the (111) face and the aj, a2 and a3 axes of some non-unitary coordinate system. Show that the ratios of the norms of the vectors aj, a2 and a3 are given by a a2,a  

Find the necessary condition such that three faces with the Miller indices (/ij /c j / j), 2 2 ) and ( 3 3/3) belong to the same zone, i.e. that they be parallel to the same direction. 

Choose four faces which allow the definition of a coordinate system, a, b, c. Determine the Miller indices for as many faces and edges as possible. 

Knowing that the most conspicuous edges correspond to important lattice lines, the coordinate system is defined starting from the faces a, b and c a = (100), fc=(010), c = (001). Thebase vectors a = [100], b = [010] andc = [001] are thus parallel to the edges 1,2 and 3. We assign the indices (111) to the face d, in order to fix the ratio of the norms of a, b and c. Clearly it is possible to imagine other choices of coordinate system, e.g. the faces/ e, c and g. 

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Critical Thinking Exercises—realistic patient care situations tiiat help die student apply the material contained in die chapter by exploring options and making clinical judgments related to die administration of dragp... 

The following examples and exercises will exhibit the basic concepts of second-order kinetics. Some more specialized applications related to this topic will be given in Chapter 9. 

Steroid hormones regulate a very extensive assembly of functions in numerous corporal tissues. Estrogens, the steroid hormones to which the majority of this chapter is dedicated, regulate from basic functions related to reproduction, the development of the skeleton, the maintenance of arterial tension, or diverse nervous functions. The molecular studies on the mechanism of action of estrogens have set the foundations that will permit us to understand how they carry out such diverse functions in such dissimilar tissues as well as how some substances that act through the estrogen signaling pathway can exercise opposite functions in different tissues. In this respect, there are five facts of particular importance that constitute the central nucleus of this revision ... 

Each of the major techniques of molecular spectrometry, including mass spectrometry, will now be examined in more detail. Exercises in the interpretation of spectral data in relation to the identification and structural analysis of organic compounds are given at the end of the chapter. 

The examples examined earlier in this Chapter and those given in the Exercises and Problems serve as useful models for chemically important phenomena electronic motion in polyenes, in solids, and in atoms as well as vibrational and rotational motions. Their study thus far has served two purposes it allowed the reader to gain some familiarity with applications of quantum mechanics and it introduced models that play central roles in much of chemistry. Their study now is designed to illustrate how the above seven rules of quantum mechanics relate to experimental reality. 

The second chapter introduces the student to orbitals proper and offers a simplified rationalization for why orbital interaction theory may be expected to work. It does so by means of a qualitative discussion of Hartree-Fock theory. A detailed derivation of Hartree-Fock theory making only the simplifying concession that all wave functions are real is provided in Appendix A. Some connection is made to the results of ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Postgraduate students can benefit from carrying out a project based on such calculations on a system related to their own research interests. A few exercises are provided to direct the student. For the purpose of undergraduate instruction, this chapter and Appendix A may be skipped, and the essential arguments and conclusions are provided to the students in a single lecture as the introduction to Chapter 3. 

We will specifically consider water relations, solute transport, photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, and environmental interactions. A physiologist endeavors to understand such topics in physical and chemical terms accurate models can then be constructed and responses to the internal and the external environment can be predicted. Elementary chemistry, physics, and mathematics are used to develop concepts that are key to understanding biology—the intent is to provide a rigorous development, not a compendium of facts. References provide further details, although in some cases the enunciated principles carry the reader to the forefront of current research. Calculations are used to indicate the physiological consequences of the various equations, and problems at the end of chapters provide further such exercises. Solutions to all of the problems are provided, and the appendixes have a large list of values for constants and conversion factors at various temperatures. 

A new feature is the liberal supply of problems for student solution—about 50 per chapter. This idea has been purloined from the excellent physical chemistry textbook by Peter Atkins (W. H. Freeman). There are exercises, practice in the use of the chapter s equations problems (the chapter s material related to actual situations) and finally, a few much more difficult tasks which are called microresearch problems, each one of which may take some hours to solve. 

There are many ways to stay lit and get the physical activity we all need for good health in general and good heart health in particular. Even if you re absolutely set against exercise, whether it s called physical activity or something else, and you define yourself as the ultimate sofa spud, please bear with me through this short chapter. To begin with, I can really relate to you. As a kid in elementary school in the fifties, I flunked the president s physical fitness test while almost everyone else passed. I was always the last one picked for any team sport. No, I am not now nor have I ever been an athlete with a natural attraction to fitness and exercise. 

All participants should receive identical test samples in order to make results as obtained by the laboratories comparable. The material prepared for the exercise should meet requirements set by the objective of the study. Basic quality requirements for reference materials used in interlaboratory studies are described in chapter 4 of this book and the reader should refer to this chapter for matters related to the choice and representativeness of the test materials. The material prepared should be homogeneous its stability should be guaranteed at least over the duration of the study. 

Despite their immense diversity of sizes, shapes, and capacities, living cells are also remarkably similar. In fact, all modem cells are believed to have evolved from primordial cells over three billion years ago (see Special Interest Box 2.2). The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include their similar chemical composition and the universal use of DNA as genetic material. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of cell structure. This review is a valuable exercise because biochemical reactions do not occur in isolation. It is becoming increasingly obvious that our understanding of living processes is incomplete without knowledge of their cellular context. After a brief discussion of some basic themes in cellular structure and function, the essential structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells will be described in relation to their biochemical roles. 

As our final spreadsheet exercises of this chapter we will analyze experimental data published some 140 years ago, reported by J. D. Forbes in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh 21 (1857) 135, and quoted in S. Weisberg, Applied Linear Regression, 2nd ed., Wiley 1985. Forbes suspected a relation between the logarithm of the barometric pressure, in those days used to determine altitude in the mountains, and the boiling point of water. The latter would be... 

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