Exercise osteoporosis

PRINCE R L, SMITH M, DICK I M, PRICE R I, WEBB P G, HENDERSON N K and HARRIS M M (1991) Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A comparative study of exercise, calciiun supplementation, and hormone-replacement therapy. N Eng J Med 325, 1189-95. 

Although most fragility fractures in women occur after age 50, certain groups of premenopausal women are at high risk for osteoporosis. The NOF recommends measuring bone mineral density in premenopausal women with risk factors in addition to sex and race, in whom treatment would be considered.1 Premenopausal women at risk for osteoporosis should follow all nonpharmacologic recommendations for exercise and adequate calcium and vitamin D intake. Currently, no good data... 

Age, calcium intake, hormonal status, exercise and vitamin status have all been implicated in the development of osteoporosis. Estrogen levels represent an important factor in skeletal calcium retention and homeostasis. In therapeutic trials in which post-menopausal women were given daily doses of estrogens, such therapy has been demonstrated to be partially effective in reducing the rate of bone resorption. However, this therapy has the concomitant hazard of endometrial cancer (10). Vitamin D and its hormones have been given considerable attention in the more recent studies. Without adequate dietary and tissue levels of such vitamins, calcium absorption and bone status will be impaired. 

Many disorders benefit from exercise (Pederson Saltin, 2005). These include asthma, cancer, chronic heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, type 1 diabetes melUtus, type 2 diabetes melUtus, hypertension, intermittent claudication, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and obesity. 

Osteoporosis The mainstays of prevention and management of osteoporosis are estrogen and calcium exercise and nutrition may be important adjuncts. 

Diet and exercise are important when conjugated estrogens are taken to retard osteoporosis... 

Estrogens taken after menopause have also been unequivocally shown to reduce the severity of osteoporosis ( bone thinning ), especially in combination with exercise and adequate nutrition. 

Corticosteroids are extremely useful in elderly patients who cannot tolerate full doses of NSAIDs. However, they consistently cause a dose- and duration-related increase in osteoporosis, an especially hazardous toxic effect in the elderly. It is not certain whether this drug-induced effect can be reduced by increased calcium and vitamin D intake, but it would be prudent to consider these agents (and bisphosphonates if osteoporosis is already present) and to encourage frequent exercise in any patient taking corticosteroids. 

Dietary choices, sedentary occupations and lack of exercise are responsible for obesity and associated conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Smoking, excessive alcohol intake and improper drug use curtail both life and its quality. As life expectancy increases it is mirrored by the increase in degenerative diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, hearing and eyesight decline, and brain cell deterioration (Alzheimer s). 

Idiopathic osteoporosis cannot be prevented by prophylactic therapy, but its development can be delayed. This requires a healthy lifestyle with plenty of physical exercise (sports, hiking), daily intake of calcium (lOOOmg/day Ca2+) and of vitamin D (1000 IU/day). The same principle holds for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hormone Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms... 

Excess physical activity can lead to constant damage to the bones. There are numerous examples of marathon runners who develop severe osteoporosis later in hfe. In women, heavy exercise can lead to decreased oestrogen levels, which predisposes to osteoporosis. 

Orthopedists are trained in treating several degenerative diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and so on. The treatment options may vary from making diet changes, medications, steroid injections, and incorporating exercise in the daily routine to surgical procedures and hormone replacement therapy. 

Experimentally induced copper deficiency produces anemia in a variety of animals. It produces an anemia. As one might expect, this type of anemia cannot be cured by iron. The heart may enlarge and the mitochondria of the heart may enlarge dramatically. The heart and arteries may rupture with deficiency, probably because of a drop in the activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper melallt enzyme involved in the synthesis of connective tissue proteins. Skeletal defects, such as osteoporosis, occur in experimental copper deficiency. Infections appear to affect copper metabolism. Infections can induce a threefold increase in plasma ceruloplasmin levels. Copper-deficient animals have a reduced ability to exercise, as measured by running on treadmills (Klevay and Medeiros, 1996). 

Root, Leon. Beautiful Bones Without Hormones The All-New Natural Diet and Exercise Program to Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis. New York Gotham Books, 2004. 

Osteoporosis is a different disease. It can be ttiought of as osteoclast cells removing calcium more quickly that osteoblast cells car lay calcium down The result is porous, brittle bones that break easily. At one time calcitonin some-limes was prescribed to decrease the release of caldum from bone by osteoclast cells. In addition to the bisphosphonates and impact exercise, Lum with D vitamins is currently recom-bended to replace calcium being released from me and excreted through the kidney. 

Weakness, lethargy, cachexia, amenorrhea, vomiting, restricted food intake, inappropriate exercise, delayed sexual development, edema, delayed gastric emptying, constipation, bradycardia, hypotension, osteoporosis, dry cracking skin, lanugo, callus on dorsum of hand, perioral dermatitis, erosion of dental enamel... 

Regular conditioning or aerobic exercise at least three times a week (with an increase in the daily workout routine by 30 minutes during the premenstrual week) and weight-bearing exercises to prevent osteoporosis... 

All people, regardless of age, should incorporate a healthy lifestyle beginning at birth that emphasizes regular exercise, nutritious diet, and tobacco avoidance to prevent and treat osteoporosis. 

The updated 2003 National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOE) guidelines, created in collaboration with nine specialty physician professional organizations, encourage a healthy lifestyle, including adequate calcium and vitamin D, exercise, and tobacco avoidance. The NOF favors BMD testing in all women 65 years and older as well as younger postmenopausal white women with at least one risk factor. Their recommendations for testing all postmenopausal women with a... 

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