Exclusions: United Kingdom

This series of texts is a result of an initiative by the Committee of Heads of Polytechnic Chemistry Departments in the United Kingdom, A project team based at Thames Polytechnic using funds available from the Manpower Services Commission Open Tech Project has organised and managed the development of the material suitable for use by Distance Learners . The contents of the various units have been identified, planned and written almost exclusively by groups of polytechnic staff, who are both expert in the subject area and are currently teaching in analytical chemistry. 

In the United Kingdom, manufacturers who provide special products must have an authorisation allowing special manufacture. A wholesale distributor will not be in breach of wholesale distribution rules and conditions if he handles a special product, provided that there is no departure from the terms of the rules. The exclusions facilitate compassionate use programmes where product is not authorised, either because it is still at the experimental stage or because it has been withdrawn from the market (for commercial or for safety reasons) or the product may simply never have been intended for full-scale... 

There is a fast lane for new drug approvals if the product is already in at least one of the following jurisdictions the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Sweden, or Australia. Approxmately 85% (by value) of pharmaceuticals go through the nearly 3,000 community pharmacies. Yet, approxmately 80% of the population rely on the public sector for drugs, received through clinics, hospitals, primary care posts, or military facilities. Although there is a 20-year patent period of exclusivity/protection, the parallel imports option effectively defeats this protection. 

Toxoplasma infection is common in the United Kingdom and normally causes a mild illness that can go unnoticed. In pregnancy, it can however damage the developing foetus and may cause abortion. In patients with HIV infection, toxoplasma can cause encephalitis. Pneumocystis can cause serious pneumonia, almost exclusively in AIDS patients. Both toxoplasma and pneumocystis are treated with drugs containing sulphonamides. 

To permit continuous operation, workers in boA the United States [FI] and the United Kingdom [G2] have developed processes for electrolysis of ThCU in molten NaCl [Rl] or KCl/NaCl [W4]. By rigorous exclusion of moisture and oxygen, coarsely crystalline thorium of high purity was produced through electroiysis at 800 C in an argon atmosphere. 

Today, HRA is used almost exclusively in the United Kingdom. 

Nowadays, there is a tendency to construct continuously reinforced rigid pavements with an asphalt overlay. In some countries, like the United Kingdom, when rigid pavement is to be constructed in motorways or heavily trafficked areas, it is advised to use exclusively continuously reinforced pavements with an asphalt overlay. 

The functions of steel reinforcement in rigid pavements are primarily to counteract the temperature- and moisture-induced stresses, to reduce the number of transverse joints (jointed reinforced slabs) or eliminate the transverse joints (continuously reinforced slabs), to minimise future maintenance cost and, to a certain extent, to reduce the thickness of the slab. The reduction or elimination of transverse joints has a direct impact on the improvement of the riding quality offered. Some countries like the United Kingdom recommend to use, almost exclusively, continuously reinforced slabs on new constructions, hence the absence of transverse joints, with an thin (30 mm) or thick (100 mm) asphalt layer on top. 

Lawson, R. G. Advertising Law in the United Kingdom, Macdonald Evans, Plymouth (1978) Lawson, R. G. Exclusion Clauses after the Unfair Contract Terms Act, Oyez, London (1983) Irving, R. Outline of the Law of Product Liability and Consumer Protection, B. Rose Publishers Ltd, Chichester (1980)... 

In the United Kingdom the Celsius scale has been used almost exclusively for expressing temperamres since the 1970s, except that some broadcasters and publications still quote Fahrenheit temperamres in weather forecasts for the benefit of those bom before 1950. In London the average minimum temperature in December is 38. Is that more likely to be 38°F, 38°C, or 38 K In July the average maximum temperamre is 22. Is that more likely to be 22°F, 22°C, or 22 K By contrast, in the permanently shaded south polar basin of the moon the surface temperamre may be 40. Is that more likely to be 40°F, 40 C, or 40 K ... 

A patent gives to an inventor a monopoly in an invention. This means that the inventor is given the exclusive right to use or exploit the invention for a defined period. In the United Kingdom, a patent lasts for twenty years, provided all of the appropriate fees are paid. The person who takes out a patent is known as a patentee, and this monopoly entitles the patentee to use or exploit the invention personally, share it with others in a cooperative venture, or sell it. 

Vampires are, of course, fictional, and are based on the original novel by Bram Stoker. But vampire bats do exist in South America, and survive almost exclusively on a diet of blood, usually from cattle or livestock, not humans. Blood is a rich source of protein and iron, and even forms part of traditional dishes in many countries. In the United Kingdom, there is black pudding which is fried pig blood mixed with oatmeal, and in Germany, there is Blutwurst (blood sausage) which is made from pig s blood mixed with fillers such as barley. The Masai tribe of Tanzania drink the blood... 

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