Patents per year

Commercial activity is mirrored by technological activity. It was estimated that roughly 87,000 patents appeared worldwide on all aspects of polymer blends between 1970 and 1987 averaging almost 5,000 patents per year [Juliano, 1988]. The pace appears to have slowed little since then. 

Web of Science and around 1000 zeolite related patents per year can be found under the same Topic search in the Derwent Innovation Index . The number of new Zeolite Framework Type Codes (FTCs, see below) also grows fast, with an average of over 7 FTCs per year for the last 12 years. This chapter tries to cover a vast portion of zeolite science at an intermediate level, with a focus on and more in-depth coverage of zeolite synthesis. The chapter is organised in, perhaps, a less usual way, since the general sections on structural and compositional chemistry and applications go before the more specific sections on synthesis. We think the early sections will show that the vast richness of current zeolite science and applications heavily rehes on an enormous synthetic effort that we will try to summarise and rationalise in the later sections. 

Figure 2. Number of patents per year (black bar) and cumulative number of patents (grey bar) in the period 1998-2007 containing the phrase ionic liquid(s) , as reported by SciFinder .

As a family of resins originally developed in the early twentieth century, the nature and potential of phenolic resins have been explored thoroughly to produce an extensive body of technical literature (1-9). A symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society commemorated 75 years of phenolic resin chemistry in 1983 (10), and in 1987 the Phenolic Molding Division of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) sponsored a conference on phenolics in the twenty-first century (1). Exciting new developments continue as new systems are developed for carbon-carbon composites, aramid honeycombs, and new derivative chemistries such as cyanate esters and benzoxazines. New U.S. patents with phenolic resins in the claims are growing at about 150 patents per year. 

Fig. 1.1 Growth in research activity of PEM fuel ceU represented as a plot of number of patents per year...

Figure 8.1 Supercritical processes new patents per year, data from Ref (Schutz, E. (2010), Databank on SCF Patents, personal communication).

Erom 1920 to 1931, after the expiration of the viscose patents, world output increased from 14,000 to 225,000 t per year, as more than 100 companies entered the ceUulose fiber field. In Europe, Vereinigte Glanstoff Eabriken (VGE, Germany), Enka (HoUand), I. G. Earben (Germany), Snia Viscosa (Italy), Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels (CTA, Erance), Rhodiaceta (Erance), Tubize (Belgium), and ChatiUon (Italy) were among the new starters. 

Idemitsu Process. Idemitsu built a 50 t x 10 per year plant at Chiba, Japan, which was commissioned in Febmary of 1989. In the Idemitsu process, ethylene is oligomerised at 120°C and 3.3 MPa (33 atm) for about one hour in the presence of a large amount of cyclohexane and a three-component catalyst. The cyclohexane comprises about 120% of the product olefin. The catalyst includes sirconium tetrachloride, an aluminum alkyl such as a mixture of ethylalurninumsesquichloride and triethyl aluminum, and a Lewis base such as thiophene or an alcohol such as methanol (qv). This catalyst combination appears to produce more polymer (- 2%) than catalysts used in other a-olefin processes. The catalyst content of the cmde product is about 0.1 wt %. The catalyst is killed by using weak ammonium hydroxide followed by a water wash. Ethylene and cyclohexane are recycled. Idemitsu s basic a-olefin process patent (9) indicates that linear a-olefin levels are as high as 96% at C g and close to 100% at and Cg. This is somewhat higher than those produced by other processes. 

Chemical Abstracts Service. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division of the American Chemical Society, has produced Chemical Abstracts (CA) since 1907. Since the demise of Chemisches Zentralblatt and British Chemical Abstracts CA has been the preeminent medium for documenting new pubhcations in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. CA documents chemical pubHcations of all types. It is not a patent database per se, but its patent component is larger than most databases devoted entirely to patents. Thus, for example, the number of patent references in CA for the years 1991—1993 ranged from 95,500—99,400 per year. 

In the United States, England, and other major nations, patents were awarded at the rate of about 5,000 per year per nation. In one peak year, bicycle-related patents comprised close to one-third of all patent-witing activity. Many of these patents were decades ahead of the technology to manufacture them for example, suspension systems invented a century ago became viable only with modern-day elastic materials and manufacturing technology. 

Since 1971 phase transfer catalysis has emerged as a broadly useful tool(9-16). not only in organic chemistry, but also in inorganic chemistry(17), for new analytical applications(18), in electrochemistry(27a), photochemistry(27b), and especially in polymer chemistry.(21.27-31) The substantial number of publications, patents, reviews, and books (200 to 400 per year since 1980) concerned with PTC in both scientific and commercial applications attests to the high level of interest that this technique has generated. 

For the 75 dmg products where patent litigation was brought, the median net sales in the year the first generic applicant filed its ANDA were 190 million per year. By contrast, the majority of the 29 NBAs for which no suit was filed had net sales of less than 100 million in the year the generic applicant filed its application. ... 

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