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There are numerous ways to prepare a solid sample for XPS-analysis 17K Because of the 360° angle of acceptance, the optimum sample geometry is a cylinder of 11 mm diameter and 2 mm width. However, with a certain loss in sensitivity, flat samples as well as odd shaped samples can be analyzed as well, if they do not exceed the maximum size defined by the vacuum interlock. Sample powders are normally mounted on sticky tape or pressed into a metal grid 17). Excellent results were also obtained by pressing pellets 31) or by subliming the sample directly unto the sample holder. [Pg.10]

The ERD is an excellent tool to help understand and explore the conceptual data model. It is less useful, however, for documentation purposes. To address the documentation requirements, a data dictionary (DD) is used. The DD is a repository of aU data definitions for all the data in the system. A DD entry is required for each data flow and data store on every DFD and for each entity in the ERDs. Developing a DD entry typically begins with naming the data structure being described, either by flow name, file name, or entity type. The list of attributes follow, with a description of the attribute, the attribute type, and the maximum size of the attribute, in characters. The attribute type is specified (e.g., integer, text, date, or binary). In the case of a data file, the average size of the file is indicated. [Pg.102]

Figure 10 shows an excellent correlation between the size of the connected cell wall material as defined above and the local density R = 0.95). No excessive scatter in individual calculated size of connected cell wall material occurs in the density range between 625 and 750 kg/m (size range of 20 to 27 pm). The maximum size of connected cell wall material was determined to be 138 pm as already mentioned above this value corresponds well with the largest sizes detected in the evaluation of the sub-volume at a local density of 1010 kg/m. ... [Pg.71]

Very large areas of membrane are used in an electrodialysis cell and hence they should be as cheap as possible. Thus while the perfluoropolymers have excellent properties, they are too expensive and the membranes used are copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. The cation-selective materials are activated by sulphonation while the anion-selective membranes are substituted with quaternary ammonium centres. To give the membranes the required mechanical and dimensional stability, the copolymerization reaction is initiated around a reinforcing mesh or within a porous polyethylene or thermoplastic sheet the first method is generally preferred since it gives membranes of lowest resistance. The ratio of styrene to divinylbenzene determines the extent of crosslinking and hence, after activation, the amount of water absorbed into the polymer. The water creates channels across the membrane through which the ions can diffuse and the quantity of water controls the maximum size of ion which can be transported. [Pg.297]

From the reverse engineering perspective, SLA provides an excellent tool to rapidly replicate a part with virtually identical geometric form and shape. It provides accurate dimensions and fine surface finishes. There is almost no limitation on part geometric complexity, but the part size is usually restricted. Most SLA machines can only produce the parts with a maximum size of about 50 X 50 X 60 cm (20 x 20 x 24 in.). The parts made of photopolymer by SLA are weaker than those made of engineering-grade resins, and therefore might not be suitable for certain functional tests. [Pg.53]

It has been found repeatedly [1, 43, 45] that scalar relativistic contributions are overestimated by about 20 - 25 % in absolute value at the SCF level. Hence inclusion of electron correlation is essential we found the ACPF method (which is both variational and approximately size extensive) to be an excellent compromise between quality and cost. It is reasonable to suppose that for a property that becomes more important as one approaches the nucleus, one wants maximum flexibility of the wavefunction near the nucleus as well as correlation of all electrons thus we finally opted for ACPF/MTsmall as our approach of choice. Typically the cost of the scalar relativistic step is a fairly small fraction of that of the core correlation step, since only n2N4 scaling is involved in the ACPF calculations. [Pg.42]

Equation 6.18 is graphed in Fig. 6.6 for the cases q = 1, 2, 3. The number density of primary particles, pj(t), decreases monotonically with time as these particles are consumed in the formation of floccules. The number densities of the floccules, on the other hand, rise from zero to a maximum at t = (q - l)/2KDp0, and then decline. This mathematical behavior reflects creation of a floccule of given size from smaller floccules, followed by a period of dominance, and finally consumption to form yet larger particle units as time passes. Both experimental data and computer simulations, like that whose visualization appears in Fig. 6.1, are in excellent qualitative agreement with Eq. 6.18 when they are used to calculate the pq(t).13,14 Thus the von Smoluchowski rate law with a uniform rate coefficient appears to capture the essential features of diffusion-controlled flocculation processes. [Pg.235]


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