Examples overview

Figure 10.9 Electrophilic aromatic substitution example overview.

An Example Overview of a Risk Management Strategy and Assessment. 

The given example will allow us to give a small overview on co-occurrence matrix ... 

These two references give an excellent overview over the most recent examples in this research field. Callaghan P T 1993 Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (Oxford Clarendon)... 

The discussion of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry starts with an overview of the experimental target chamber, proceeds to the particle kinematics that detennine mass identification and depth resolution, and then provides an example of the analysis of a silicide. 

Excellent books and review articles covering LB and SA films have appeared recently. The following covers the basics and some selected topics are presented as examples. For a more comprehensive overview and more details on specific topics the reader is referred to the cited literature. 

To acquire an overview of methods and examples of some pitfalls in modeling log P, log S, and the toxic effects of compounds... 

An overview of the atomistic and electronic phenomena utilized in electroceramic technology is given in Figure 3. More detailed discussions of compositional families and stmcture—property relationships can be found in other articles. (See for example, Ferroelectrics and Magnetic materials.)... 

There are numerous examples of acryhc NADs, but they are of limited commercial importance. Some typical examples of acryhc NADs are hsted in Table 11, and References 70 and 71 offer exceUent overviews. 

The relevance of photonics technology is best measured by its omnipresence. Semiconductor lasers, for example, are found in compact disk players, CD-ROM drives, and bar code scaimers, as well as in data communication systems such as telephone systems. Compound semiconductor-based LEDs utilized in multicolor displays, automobile indicators, and most recendy in traffic lights represent an even bigger market, with approximately 1 biUion in aimual sales. The trend to faster and smaller systems with lower power requirements and lower loss has led toward the development of optical communication and computing systems and thus rapid technological advancement in photonics systems is expected for the future. In this section, compound semiconductor photonics technology is reviewed with a focus on three primary photonic devices LEDs, laser diodes, and detectors. Overviews of other important compound semiconductor-based photonic devices can be found in References 75—78. 

The subject of thermochromism in organic and polymeric compounds has been reviewed in some depth previously (8,16,18), and these expansive overviews should be used by readers with deeper and more particular interest in the subject. Many more examples can be found in the reviews that further illustrate the pattern of association between thermochromism and molecular restmcturing of one kind or another. The specific assignment of stmctures is still Open to debate in many cases, and there are still not many actual commercial uses for these or any of the other thermally reversible materials discussed herein. Temperature indicators have been mentioned, though perhaps as much or more for irreversible materials. 

This article addresses the synthesis, properties, and appHcations of redox dopable electronically conducting polymers and presents an overview of the field, drawing on specific examples to illustrate general concepts. There have been a number of excellent review articles (1—13). Metal particle-filled polymers, where electrical conductivity is the result of percolation of conducting filler particles in an insulating matrix (14) and ionically conducting polymers, where charge-transport is the result of the motion of ions and is thus a problem of mass transport (15), are not discussed. 

Within the constraints of this article it is impossible to be comprehensive in the coverage of the subject matter, in terms of the chemicals involved and in the widely varying practices and areas of the world in which the title compounds are ingested by farmed animals. This account is, however, intended to give an overview, citing some relevant examples, of the beneficial and adverse effects, in animals and on the environment, of man-made compounds and naturally produced compounds in extensive and commercial production systems. 

Crystal structure, crystal defects and chemical reactions. Most chemical reactions of interest to materials scientists involve at least one reactant in the solid state examples inelude surfaee oxidation, internal oxidation, the photographie process, electrochemieal reaetions in the solid state. All of these are critieally dependent on crystal defects, point defects in particular, and the thermodynamics of these point defeets, especially in ionic compounds, are far more complex than they are in single-component metals. I have spaee only for a superficial overview. 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

These brief examples of developments in semiconductor technology and optoelectronics are offered to give the flavour of recent semiconductor research. An accessible technical account of MBE and its triumphs can be found in an overview by Cho (1995), while a more impressionistic but very vivid account of Capasso and his researches at Bell Labs is in a popular book by Amato (1997). A very extensive historical survey of the enormous advances in optical and optoelectronic physics , with attention to the materials involved, is in a book chapter by Brown and Pike (1995). 

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