Ex vivo studies

In vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that FATPs transport LCFAs and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) but no medium-chain fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or lipid-soluble vitamins [4]. LCFA transport is inhibited by prior protease treatment. Synthetic substrates for FATPs include 14C-labeled fatty acids and the fluorescently labeled fatty acid analogue C1 -BODEP Y-Cl 2. Using the latter substrate, differences in fatty acid uptake kinetics between FATP expressing 3T3 LI adipocytes and 3T3 LI fibroblasts, which are devoid of FATPs, can be readily appreciated (Fig. 2). 

In accord with in vitro studies we should expect that the in vivo effects of MFs must have been the damaging ones. There are only few experimental in vivo and ex vivo studies, which, nonetheless, support this suggestion. Recently, we have showed for the first time (personal communication by LG Korkina, IB Deeva, IB Afanas ev) that MF effects may be much greater under pathophysiological than physiological conditions. We have studied the effects of a weak alternative magnetic field on leukocytes from Fanconi anemia (FA) patients, compared to... 

Ex vivo studies have revealed that trichothecenes can both inhibit and stimulate leukocyte function.12 For example, trichothecenes are toxic to alveolar macrophages,13 but drive differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells.14 Dose-dependent decreases or increases in B- and T-cell mitogen responses are observable in lymphocytes from animals exposed to T-2 toxin, DON, or various macrocyclic trichothecenes these toxins similarly impair or enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.12 Rank order of inhibitor potency in rodent and human lymphocyte proliferation assays is Type D > Type A group > Type B group and is dependent on degree of acylation as well as of uptake and metabolism. 

Finally, with regard to clinical trials, a 7-day clinical study in four human volunteers administered with 48740 RP at 1000 mg/day orally gave more than 60% inhibition of PAF-induced platelet aggregation and a slight inhibition of TXB2 production in ex vivo studies [310]. 

Gavini E, Rassu G, Sanna V, Cossu M, Giunchedi P (2005) Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide in-vitro/ex-vivo studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 57 287-294. 

Ramassamy C, Christen Y, Clostre F, Costentin J. (1992). The Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, increases synaptosomal uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 44(11) 943-45. 

Effects in in vitro systems and possible evidence for modes of action Effects in in vivo models Effects in ex vivo studies Clinical trials conducted with feverfew... 

In ex vivo studies in which transmitter release is measured in synaptosome or slice preparations from animals treated with nicotine in vivo, no change (Grilli et al. 2005), decreased (Grady et al. 1997) and increased (Yu and Wecker 1994) striatal [ HJdopamine release has been reported. A similar picture has been observed for nAChR-evoked hippocampal [ H]noradrenaline release, with unchanged (Barik and Wonnacott 2006), decreased (Grilli et al. 2005) and increased (Jacobs et al. 2002) responses. As tissue is extensively washed prior to nAChR stimulation, these discrepancies are unlikely to reflect differences in nAChR desensitisation due... 

Protein binding and binding to erythrocytes (if relevant) (in vitro/ex vivo studies)... 

Additionally, the isolated heart can be used to measure chronotropic or inotropic effects. There are several additional ex vivo assays like the sinoatrial node preparation [76], left ventricular wedge preparation [77] available which address specific questions. All of the ex vivo studies mentioned above with the... 

Burns G, Herz A, Nikolarakis KE Stimulation of hypothalamic opioid peptide release by lithium is mediated by opioid autoreceptors evidence from a combined in vitro, ex vivo study. Neuroscience 36 691-697, 1990 Burt DR, Kamatchi GL GABA A receptor subtypes from pharmacology to molecular biology. EASEB J 5 2916-2923, 1991... 

Xin H-W, Fischer C, Schwab M et al. Effects of aminosalicylates on thiopurine 5-methyltransferase activity an ex vivo study in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 21 1105-1109. 

Le Bourlais, C.A., et al. 1997. Effect of cyclosporine A formulations on bovine corneal absorption Ex-vivo study. J Microencapsul 14 457. 

Fuhrman, B. et al., Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation In vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66, 267,1997. 

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